formally

Name : Moh. Jufri
NIM : 05320121
Subject : Semantics

TWO TRAMS AND A DOG
TWO TRAMS WERE WALKING A LONG QUIET ROAD. A SORRY LOOKING DOG WAS FOLLOWING THEM.
THE FIRST TRAM SAID: "WE HAVE A BAD DAY JOE, WE DON’T HAVE ANY MONEY AND WE DON’T' HAVE ANYTHING TO EAT".
JOE ANSWERED CHEERFULLY: "DON'T WORRY, WE WILL FIND SOME MONEY".
SUDDENLY THEY SAW A CAR IN THE DISTANCE. THE CAR WAS MOVING TOWARD THEM VERY QUICKLY. THE TWO TRAMS JUMPED TO ONE SIDE OF THE ROAD BUT THE DOG STAYED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD.
THE DRIVER OF THE CAR TRIED TO STOP THE CAR BUT IT WAS TOO LATE. THE CAR HIT THE DOG AND KILLED IT.
JOE WALKED TOWARD THE DOG.
HE SAID: "POOR LITTLE DOG.
THE DRIVER OF THE CAR STOPPED THE CAR AND WALKED TOWARD JOE.
HE SAID: "I'M SORRY, I TRIED TO AVOID YOUR DOG BUT I COULDN'T".
THEN HE TOOK OUT HIS WALLET AND GAVE $ 500 TO JOE.
HE SAID: "WILL IT BE ALRIGHT?
JOE SAID: "YES SIR, THANK YOU SIR".
THEN HE PUT THE MONEY INTO HIS POCKET. THE DRIVER CAME BACK TO HIS CAR AND DROVE AWAY.
HE SAID: "BYE-BY!"
JOE SAID: "BYE-BYE SIR, THANK YOU.
THEN, THE FIRST TRAM SAID: "JOE, WHOSE DOG WAS IT JOE?"
JOE, ANSWERED: "I DON'T KNOW"




The Analysis of Theory of Formal Links

“Two trams and a dog”
"Two trams were walking a long quiet road. A sorry looking dog was following them".
These utterances above are the example of repetition because the speaker repeats the phrase of two trams. Also it can classified ass verb form since the form verb of the first sentence can limit the verb form of the second sentence. It is shown by the word were walking and was following. And also two sentences above is identified as referring expression of anaphora for the identity of something to be given once at the beginning, and thereafter referred to pronoun them.

"The first tram said: "we have a bad day Joe, we don’t have any money and we don’t' have anything to eat"".
These utterances can be classified many theories repetition for the speaker always repeats the word "we, don't have, and any". Also the speaker repeats the sound "d"

"Joe answered cheerfully: "don't worry, we will find some money""
These utterances can be classified as
1. Ellipsis for the speaker has omitted a part of a sentence i.e. the word "you"
2. Repetition since the speaker always repeats the sound of "w"
3. Substitution because the speaker used the representation of group of words in the form of incomplete sentence i.e. "some money"

"Suddenly they saw a car in the distance"
It can be classified as referring expression of anaphora for the identity of something to be given once at the beginning, and thereafter referred to pronoun they.

"The car was moving toward them very quickly"
These utterances can be named as repetition for the speaker has repeated the word "car"


"The two trams jumped to one side of the road but the dog stayed in the middle of the road".
These utterances can be classified as the parallelism because the verb "jumped" has connection with the verb "saw" in above. Also the speaker used the word "but" to refer to the word "jumped" and "stayed".

"The driver of the car tried to stop the car but it was too late. The car hit the dog and killed it. Joe walked toward the dog".
These utterances can be classified as
1. Parallelism for the verb "tried, hit, killed, and walked" have connection with verb jumped and stayed above.
2. Repetition because the speaker always repeats the word "car" three times in that utterances.
3. Referring expression of anaphora for the identity of something to be given once at the beginning, and thereafter referred to pronoun it.

"He said: "poor little dog"".
It can be classified as Ellipsis for the speaker has omitted a part of a sentence i.e. the word "you"

"The driver of the car stopped the car and walked toward Joe".
These utterances can be classified as
1. Parallelism for the verb "stopped and walked" have connection with verb jumped and stayed above.
2. Repetition because the speaker always repeats the word "car" twice in that utterances

"He said: "I'm sorry, I tried to avoid your dog but I couldn't"".
These utterances can be classified as
1. Parallelism for the verb "tried" has connection with the all of the verb of past tense above.
2. Ellipsis for the speaker has omitted a part of a sentence i.e. the word "do"


"Then he took out his wallet and gave $ 500 to Joe.
These utterances can be classified as Parallelism for the verb "took and gave" have connection with the all of the verb of past tense above.

"He said: "will it be alright?
"Joe said: "yes sir, thank you sir"".
These utterances can be categorized as Ellipsis for the speaker has omitted a part of a sentence i.e. the word " it will and I"

"Then he put the money into his pocket. The driver came back to his car and drove away"
These utterances can be named as Parallelism for the verb "put came and drove" have connection with the all of the verb of past tense above.

"He said: "bye-by!""
"Joe said: "bye-bye sir, thank you.
"Then, the first tram said: "Joe, whose dog was it Joe?"
"Joe, answered: "I don't know"
These utterances can be classified as
1. Repetition because the speaker has repeated the sound "b" many times
2. Referring expression of anaphora for the identity of something to be given once at the beginning, and thereafter referred to pronoun it.