Name : Moh. Jufri
NIM : 05320121
Subject : Creative Writing
Losing Love
1. The story idea
This film will talk about some one who falls in love in the first sight, they enjoyed with their love. .
2. The synopsis
some people believed that they can fall in love in the first sight, it is very-very difficult to forget it and it really happens in the real life but some people do not either. Irwi is one of them who is very sure that love comes in the first sight and it is unforgetable. Because it happened to Irwi himself.
He felt in love in the first sight to Irma when he was in the first year of school at senior high school. They were studying in the same institution i.e. SLTA 13 Pasongsonagan. They were, every day, going to school together. They loved very much each other because their parents allowed them falling in love each other. They will not be separated by anything, they are going to live together, Irwi has promised that he would marry Irma then has already made some lists what they will do after wedding party. For instance, they will have honey moon in Australia, they will stay in appartement, also they have already dicided that they would just have two children one boy and girl.
Promise is just promise for after finishing their study all of their parents aked to them whether Irma’s parents or Irwi’s parents that they must go on thier study to university. Irwi’s parents want him to study in Malang. In the other hand, Irma’s parents want her to study in Monash University (Australia) beacuse her parents have family there. So that, Irma’s parents are easy to control her for she come along with her family and Irma’s parents want her to be cleaver in speaking English. Finally, the all separeted, Irwi went to Malang and Irama went to Australia for studying.
In the first year of their farewell, they used to make call each other, sometimes, they used to send email, messages, and letter. Unfortunettly, in the following year, they seldom make call since all of them were busy with their study. When Irwi sent sms or email, Irma did not reply it, it is same as Irma. But Irwi tries to keep information with Irma, but not Irma. Evry times, Irwi send and call Irma but it was nilhil because Irma’s number is not active. Irwi has tried to complain with Irma’s parents that her number is not active. So that, Irma’s parents requeated to Irwi to seek information about her. But evrything that Irwi has done was useless.
Finally, Irwi permitted to his parents and candidate parents in law to go to Australia for seeking Irma. To know whether Irwi can find out Irma or not please watch this film.
3. Logline/Premis
Well, how is Irma’s life in Australia and how Irwi will find out her. And why Irma did not give information to her parents.
4. Treatmen
The first scene : it was the first time for Irwi and Irma entering to seniour high school. They have already prepared evrything before coming to that school so they had something new, like books, bags, pen, and uniform as well as freinds. Also they always kissed their parents’ hands. As like usual, every single new students in everry institution, the first time they come to the school, they are taken by their parents. Here, Irma was taken by her father, so does the Irwi. In front of gate of SLTA 13 Pasongsongan where Irwi and Irma will study, they met. Fortunatelly, Irwi’s and Irma’s father are friends. They have already recognized each other since they were in senior high school. Like Irwi and Irma now. They were chatting for while, Irma’s father introduced his daughter to Irwi’s father, either Irwi’s father. This story was setted in Irwi’s and Irma’s house and school. It is in Pasongsongan. And it occored in morning.
The second scene : when their parents were chatting seriously, Irma and Irwi were staring each other. So that they become friends. Irwi alwyas comes to Irma’s house so does Irma. Their parents agreed they are friends. Because they always congrigate they, finally, fall in love in each other untill they finished their study in seniour high school. However, after finishing their study, they must be part, Irwi must go to Malang for his degree, and Irma must go to Australia for her degree too. Because of this case, they never met and gave information.
The third scene : Irwi asked permittion to his parents and candidate parents in low to go to Australia fo looking for Irma. But it was too late because because Irma has already passed away before Irwi came.
5. Outline scene/scene plot
1. Irwi and Irma are going to study at seniour high school/ SLTA 13 Pasongsongan
2. their parents met in front of gate of SLTA 13 and they were friends
3. Irwi and Irma fall in love in each other
4. Irwi goes to Malang for studying in university
5. Irma goes to Australia for studying too
6. Irwi permitted to his parents in parents in law to go to Australia
7. he goes to Australia
8. Irma gets sick and passes away.
Rabu, 28 Januari 2009
politeness
Brown’s and Levinson’s Politeness Strategies
In the First Debate of Senator John McCain and Barack Obana
Introduction
Since all of the human beings still exist or live in this world, they need significant tool to play their life. It is called a “language”. Human use it to transfer their ideas, thoughts, and messages. We can imagine how if there is no language or a tool to transfer an idea. Human can not develop their lives. Other wise, by transferring their ideas, thoughts, and messages, human can create a civilization. They can discuss what they think and feel through language.
However, not all of the languages can make our conversation (writers and readers, speakers and listeners) run smoothly. The speakers or writers should consider many things before they speak, such as, their words, to whom, how, what, when and where humans are speaking. In the other hand, humans should use the strategies. It is using politenes. (Wardhaugh : 258)
So that, this paper explores the politeness strategies used by Barack Obama and Mc Cain in debate on the campus of the University of Mississippi. The data is taken from the text of those debaters. To help analyze the data, politeness theory (Brown and Levinson, 1987) is employed.
Basically, Brown and Levinson stated that there are two kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's concept of face: Those are Negative politeness: Making a request less infringing, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it isn't too much trouble..."; respects a person's right to act freely. In other words, deference. There is a greater use of indirect speech acts. And the other is Positive politeness: Seeks to establish a positive relationship between parties; respects a person's need to be liked and understood. Direct speech acts, swearing and flouting Grice's maxims can be considered aspects of positive politeness
Forthermore, Brown and Levinson stated that there are four main types of politeness strategies: bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record or indirect strategy.
First, bald on record strategies do not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face. This strategy is most often utilized by speakers who closely know their audience. With the bald on record strategies there is a direct possibility that the audience will be shocked or embarrassed by the strategy. For example, a bald on record strategy might be to tell your sister to “do the dishes. It’s your turn.”
The second strategy is positive politeness and this strategy attempts to minimize the threat to the hearer's positive face. This strategy is most commonly used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well. Quite often hedging and attempts to avoid conflict are used. For example, a positive politeness strategy might be the request “It would be great if you could do the dishes for me.”
The third strategy is negative politeness which presumes that the speaker will be imposing on the listener. The potential for awkwardness or embarrassment is greater than in bald on record strategies and positive politeness strategies. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous. Thus, a request without consideration of the listener’s negative face might be uncomfortable: “I need $5” is awkward if five dollars is outside the listener’s financial capabilities. But if the speaker, knowing that the listener wants to maintain their autonomy, adds an out for the listener like “I know you’ve been kinda strapped for cash, but could I borrow $5?”, the listener is more likely to give them that money because the request showed a respect for their ability to maintain autonomy.
The final politeness strategy outlined by Brown and Levinson is the indirect strategy; This strategy uses indirect language and removes the speaker from the potential to being imposing. For example, a speaker using the indirect strategy might merely say “wow, it’s getting cold in here” insinuating that it would be nice if the listener would get up and turn up the thermostat without directly asking the listener to do so. Further more, the researcher will compare between them how they used the politeness strategies.
Findings
Following the Brown’s and Levinson’s politeness strategies, I found ten politeness strategies used by John McCain’s and Barack Obama’s in the first presidential debate.
Table 1: Distribution of Four Politeness Strategies
No Politeness Strategies Total
1. On-Record 4
2 Politeness Politeness Strategies 3
3 Negative Politeness Strategies 1
4 Off-Record 2
Total 10
Discussions
Data 1
No Debaters Utterances
1.1 Barrack Obama “Well, thank you very much, Jim, and thanks to the commission and the University of Mississippi, "Ole Miss," for hosting us tonight. I can't think of a more important time for us to talk about the future of the country”
1.2 John McCain “Well, thank you, Jim. And thanks to everybody”.
Analysis of Data (1)
1.1 Barrack Obama “Well, thank you very much, Jim, and thanks to the commission and the University of Mississippi, "Ole Miss," for hosting us tonight. I can't think of a more important time for us to talk about the future of the country”
This debate takes place on the campus of the University of Mississippi Friday night. And the moderator for the debate was Jim Lehrer of the NewsHour on PBS.
In the first utterances produced by Barack Obama are saying thank you. It indicated that Barack Obama is going to be polite and solidarity people. He tried to create the positive politeness or atmosphere during his debate. Barack Obama’s decision to call some body using his first name such as Jim, Ole Miss, and mentioning the name of institution has invited Barack Obama, commission and the University of Mississippi in this case indicates that Barack Obama is polite, because, following (Brown and Levinsion :1987), as showing the notice, attend to H (his interest, wants, needs, goods) he is going to respect some body else. According to Wardhaugh, in the American culture, if someone is going to address someone else, they should call addresses using their first, last, or nickname. Furthermore, Wardhaugh stated American will address someone by their title.
In addition, Barack Obama used positive face for he considered that all of the audiences attended that meeting are symmetrical relationship in terms of power and also he is going to whish phrasing his request as positive appeal.
1.2 John McCain “Well, thank you, Jim. And thanks to everybody”.
Here, McCain in the first utterances said thank you too but he used the simpler words than Barack Obama, McCain just said thank you to Jim who handled this debate and to everybody attended this program. McCain, unfortunately, did not say thank to Ole Miss who has invited McCain to that program. Also McCain did not say thank to the commission and the University of Mississippi that conducted that program. It indicated that McCain keep the distance and power. He thought that he and all of the audiences also the hosting are a power imbalance. However, he tried to be polite and solidarity people because, following (Wardhaugh :2001) he addressed somebody calling his first name such Jim.
Furthermore, McCain used the negative face because he considered that the only him had power and he wanted to be free to act and not to be involved with or unimpeded or he wanted his act was not bothered.
Now let me compare two examples of this utterances uttered by two debaters (Barack Obama and John McCain). Barack Obama is more polite and solidarity than McCain because Barrack Obama tried not to keep the distance by appreciating all of the audiences and mentioning their first name. While McCain kept the power and distance because he did not appreciate to the hosting and the institution that has invited him.
Data 2
No Debaters Utterances
2.1 Barrack Obama “Well, I think Senator McCain's absolutely right that we need more responsibility, but we need it not just when there's a crisis”
2.2 John McCain “ No, I -- look, we've got to fix the system. We've got fundamental problems in the system. And Main Street is paying a penalty for the excesses and greed in Washington, D.C., and on Wall Street.”
Analysis of Data (2)
Barrack Obama “Well, I think Senator McCain's absolutely right that we need more responsibility, but we need it not just when there's a crisis”
A strategy employed by Barrack Obama to avoid disagreement was using Positive politeness because Barrack Obama was very sure that all of the audiences had to be respected moreover McCain as rival of Barack Obama and also Barrack tried to be more polite and solidarity. Furthermore, Barrack has exaggerated the McCain’s statement saying absolutely right.
This case indicated that Barrack Obama agreed with McCain’s statement about the need of responsibility. However, Barrack Obama, actually, disagreed about McCain’s statement because he used the word but… indicated that there is something contradictory with the first utterances. It means that Barrack Obama used the hidden disagreement. He is, actually, going to say that we have to be responsible people not only when we are having crisis but more than this. Meaning that we have to be responsible people wherever, whenever we are in.
John McCain “ No, I -- look, we've got to fix the system. We've got fundamental problems in the system. And Main Street is paying a penalty for the excesses and greed in Washington, D.C., and on Wall Street.”
It is very different from Barrack Obama. When Jim Lehrer as moderator asked to McCain whether he agreed or not with Barrack Obama’s statement about we have to be fair to everybody and we are not allowed to discriminate the all the citizens. To avoid disagreement McCain used bald on record strategy he directly answered by saying “no”. McCain had no effort to minimize the impact of the face-threatening act. In other word, McCain refused the Barrack Obama’s opinion directly. In short, McCain make the negative atmosphere or politeness. But Barrack Obama used the hidden disagreement.
And now let me compare two debaters Barrack and McCain. In this case when Barrack wanted to object to McCain’s statement, Barrack used the hidden disagreement. He did not refuse it baldly. He tried to respect to McCain’s statement saying “Well, I think Senator McCain's absolutely right…. But not McCain, he avoid the disagreement badly, he directly said no. In short, Barrack is more polite than McCain although they are from America and McCain is elder than Barrack.
Data 3
No Debaters Utterances
3.1 Barrack Obama “Well, Senator McCain is absolutely right that the earmarks process has been abused, which is why I suspended any requests for my home state, whether it was for senior centers or what have you, until we cleaned it up.
And he's also right that oftentimes lobbyists and special interests are the ones that are introducing these kinds of requests, although that wasn't the case with me.
But let's be clear: Earmarks account for $18 billion in last year's budget. Senator McCain is proposing -- and this is a fundamental difference between us -- $300 billion in tax cuts to some of the wealthiest corporations and individuals in the country, $300 billion.
Now, $18 billion is important; $300 billion is really important”.
3.2 John McCain Senator Obama suspended those requests for pork-barrel projects after he was running for president of the United States. He didn't happen to see that light during the first three years as a member of the United States Senate, $932 million in requests.
Analysis of Data (3)
3.1. Barrack Obama “Well, Senator McCain is absolutely right that the earmarks process has been abused, which is why I suspended any requests for my home state, whether it was for senior centers or what have you, until we cleaned it up.
And he's also right that oftentimes lobbyists and special interests are the ones that are introducing these kinds of requests, although that wasn't the case with me.
But let's be clear: Earmarks account for $18 billion in last year's budget. Senator McCain is proposing -- and this is a fundamental difference between us -- $300 billion in tax cuts to some of the wealthiest corporations and individuals in the country, $300 billion.
Now, $18 billion is important; $300 billion is really important”.
Wherever and whenever Barrack Obama is, he always appreciates his interlocutor and also he always makes positive atmosphere. It is replaced the way how to avoid disagreement. In the first sentence of Barrack Obama, he said that he was really proud of McCain’s opinion. Obama was pretending 100% he agreed with McCain’s opinion by exaggerating McCain (absolutely). Actually, in this case signals that 100% Barrack Obama disagreed about that. But he used the hidden disagreement. It was shown […] but let me clear [...] indicated that there was something missing that Obama disagreed about it. It is about the fundamental difference between Barrack and McCain. Barrack said that $300 billion in tax cuts to some of the wealthiest corporations and individuals in the country, while McCain stated that ear markers accounted for $18 billion in last year’s budget.
3.2 John McCain “Senator Obama suspended those requests for pork-barrel projects after he was running for president of the United States. He didn't happen to see that light during the first three years as a member of the United States Senate, $932 million in requests.”
Senator John McCain had his own style how to attach to the Barrack Obama’s statement. John, directly, attached the Barrack Obama’s opinion. “Senator Obama suspended those requests for pork-barrel projects after he was running for president of the United States. It means that McCain used on record, baldly because McCain expressed his idea unambiguously. In the other hand John McCain always made negative atmosphere or politeness, he seldom respected his interlocutors.
Let me compare between two speakers Barack obama and John McCain. When Barack Obama is going to attach McCain’s statement, Barrack used positive politeness strategy for he pretend agree with McCain statement using repetition and exaggeration of the words.
Data 4
No Debaters Utterances
4.1 Barrack Obama That's not true, John. That's not true.
4.2 John McCain And that's just a fact. Again, you can look it up.
Analysis of Data (4)
4.1 Barrack Obama “That's not true, John. That's not true”.
According to McCain that Obama has shifted on a number of occasion, it means that Obama did something wrong. However, in this debate Obama used off record to defend his statement that he never said that he did do not yet. One reason why Obama used off record to defend his mistake because Obama will appeal that he will avoid the losing face.
4.2 John. McCain “And that's just a fact. Again, you can look it up”.
In this statement, McCain used on record, baldly to attach Barrack Obama’s opinion for McCain did not have effort to minimize the impact of FTA. McCain considered that he himself had biggest power than Obama.
In addition, McCain used negative face for he considered that all of the audiences attended that meeting are asymmetrical relationship in terms of power and also Barrack assumes that he is negatively impacting the McCain in some way, and tries to rectify this with an apology.
Here, when Barrack Obama is going to defend his opinion he used off record. Other wise, McCain said his statement directly. It means that McCain used On-record.
Data 5
No Debaters Utterances
5.1 John McCain I think the lessons of Iraq are very clear that you cannot have a failed strategy that will then cause you to nearly lose a conflict
5.2 Barrack Obama .
Well, this is an area where Senator McCain and I have a fundamental difference because I think the first question is whether we should have gone into the war in the first place.
Analysis of Data (5)
5.1 John McCain “I think the lessons of Iraq are very clear that you cannot have a failed strategy that will then cause you to nearly lose a conflict”. When the moderator Lehrer asked to McCain about how John McCain see the lesson of Iraq. Explicitly, McCain was happy because his state was winner. It means that he used on record baldly because McCain did not care to the other States. McCain felt proud of being the highest State in this world. In short, McCain wanted to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than he wanted to satisfy the audiences’ face.
5.2 Barrack Obama “Well, this is an area where Senator McCain and I have a fundamental difference because I think the first question is whether we should have gone into the war in the first place”. Here, responding Lehrer’s question about how Barrack Obama sees the lesson of Iraq. He used off record because he made deference statement from McCain. It means that he said something which is not explicitly relevance with what McCain said. Actually, he was very happy too because his State was winner, but he Barrack did not want to do FTA.
When moderator Lehrer requested John McCain’s and Barack Obama’s opinion about something happened in the past, and it was caused by USA, John McCain answered it directly, using on record. But not Barack Obama, he used off record.
Distribution of Politeness Strategies
Politeness Strategies Obama McCain Total
On-Record - 4 4
Politeness Politeness Strategies 3 - 3
Negative Politeness Strategies - 1 1
Off-Record 2 - 2
Total 10
TENTATIVE REFERENCES
Bogdan, Robert. 1998. Qualitative Research for Education: an Introduction to
Theory and Method (3rd ed). United States: Nancy Forsyth
Brown, Gillian and George Yule. 1989. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Brown, Penelope & Levinson, Stephen. 1996. Politeness Some universals in Language Usage. New York: Cambridge University Press
.
Esther N.Goody. 1989. Questions and Politeness Strategies in Social Interaction. New York: Cambridge University Press
Chaer, Abdul & Agustin, Leonie. 2005. Sosiolinguistik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta
Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Grundy, Peter. 2000. Doing Pragmatic. London: Cambridge University Press.
Moleong, Lexy J. 2007, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya
Rahardjo, Mudjia. 2002a. Relung-Relung Bahasa [Aspects of Language].
Yogyakarta: Aditya Media.
Rahardjo, Mudjia. 2002b. Pengantar Penelitian Bahasa [Introduction to
Language Research]. Malang: Cendikia Paramulya.
Renkeme, Jan. 1993, Discourse Studies an Introductory Textbook. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Wardaugh, Ronald. (1986), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Page Broz
Yule, George. 1985. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Sumarsono & Partana, Paina. 2002. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
In the First Debate of Senator John McCain and Barack Obana
Introduction
Since all of the human beings still exist or live in this world, they need significant tool to play their life. It is called a “language”. Human use it to transfer their ideas, thoughts, and messages. We can imagine how if there is no language or a tool to transfer an idea. Human can not develop their lives. Other wise, by transferring their ideas, thoughts, and messages, human can create a civilization. They can discuss what they think and feel through language.
However, not all of the languages can make our conversation (writers and readers, speakers and listeners) run smoothly. The speakers or writers should consider many things before they speak, such as, their words, to whom, how, what, when and where humans are speaking. In the other hand, humans should use the strategies. It is using politenes. (Wardhaugh : 258)
So that, this paper explores the politeness strategies used by Barack Obama and Mc Cain in debate on the campus of the University of Mississippi. The data is taken from the text of those debaters. To help analyze the data, politeness theory (Brown and Levinson, 1987) is employed.
Basically, Brown and Levinson stated that there are two kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's concept of face: Those are Negative politeness: Making a request less infringing, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it isn't too much trouble..."; respects a person's right to act freely. In other words, deference. There is a greater use of indirect speech acts. And the other is Positive politeness: Seeks to establish a positive relationship between parties; respects a person's need to be liked and understood. Direct speech acts, swearing and flouting Grice's maxims can be considered aspects of positive politeness
Forthermore, Brown and Levinson stated that there are four main types of politeness strategies: bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record or indirect strategy.
First, bald on record strategies do not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face. This strategy is most often utilized by speakers who closely know their audience. With the bald on record strategies there is a direct possibility that the audience will be shocked or embarrassed by the strategy. For example, a bald on record strategy might be to tell your sister to “do the dishes. It’s your turn.”
The second strategy is positive politeness and this strategy attempts to minimize the threat to the hearer's positive face. This strategy is most commonly used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well. Quite often hedging and attempts to avoid conflict are used. For example, a positive politeness strategy might be the request “It would be great if you could do the dishes for me.”
The third strategy is negative politeness which presumes that the speaker will be imposing on the listener. The potential for awkwardness or embarrassment is greater than in bald on record strategies and positive politeness strategies. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous. Thus, a request without consideration of the listener’s negative face might be uncomfortable: “I need $5” is awkward if five dollars is outside the listener’s financial capabilities. But if the speaker, knowing that the listener wants to maintain their autonomy, adds an out for the listener like “I know you’ve been kinda strapped for cash, but could I borrow $5?”, the listener is more likely to give them that money because the request showed a respect for their ability to maintain autonomy.
The final politeness strategy outlined by Brown and Levinson is the indirect strategy; This strategy uses indirect language and removes the speaker from the potential to being imposing. For example, a speaker using the indirect strategy might merely say “wow, it’s getting cold in here” insinuating that it would be nice if the listener would get up and turn up the thermostat without directly asking the listener to do so. Further more, the researcher will compare between them how they used the politeness strategies.
Findings
Following the Brown’s and Levinson’s politeness strategies, I found ten politeness strategies used by John McCain’s and Barack Obama’s in the first presidential debate.
Table 1: Distribution of Four Politeness Strategies
No Politeness Strategies Total
1. On-Record 4
2 Politeness Politeness Strategies 3
3 Negative Politeness Strategies 1
4 Off-Record 2
Total 10
Discussions
Data 1
No Debaters Utterances
1.1 Barrack Obama “Well, thank you very much, Jim, and thanks to the commission and the University of Mississippi, "Ole Miss," for hosting us tonight. I can't think of a more important time for us to talk about the future of the country”
1.2 John McCain “Well, thank you, Jim. And thanks to everybody”.
Analysis of Data (1)
1.1 Barrack Obama “Well, thank you very much, Jim, and thanks to the commission and the University of Mississippi, "Ole Miss," for hosting us tonight. I can't think of a more important time for us to talk about the future of the country”
This debate takes place on the campus of the University of Mississippi Friday night. And the moderator for the debate was Jim Lehrer of the NewsHour on PBS.
In the first utterances produced by Barack Obama are saying thank you. It indicated that Barack Obama is going to be polite and solidarity people. He tried to create the positive politeness or atmosphere during his debate. Barack Obama’s decision to call some body using his first name such as Jim, Ole Miss, and mentioning the name of institution has invited Barack Obama, commission and the University of Mississippi in this case indicates that Barack Obama is polite, because, following (Brown and Levinsion :1987), as showing the notice, attend to H (his interest, wants, needs, goods) he is going to respect some body else. According to Wardhaugh, in the American culture, if someone is going to address someone else, they should call addresses using their first, last, or nickname. Furthermore, Wardhaugh stated American will address someone by their title.
In addition, Barack Obama used positive face for he considered that all of the audiences attended that meeting are symmetrical relationship in terms of power and also he is going to whish phrasing his request as positive appeal.
1.2 John McCain “Well, thank you, Jim. And thanks to everybody”.
Here, McCain in the first utterances said thank you too but he used the simpler words than Barack Obama, McCain just said thank you to Jim who handled this debate and to everybody attended this program. McCain, unfortunately, did not say thank to Ole Miss who has invited McCain to that program. Also McCain did not say thank to the commission and the University of Mississippi that conducted that program. It indicated that McCain keep the distance and power. He thought that he and all of the audiences also the hosting are a power imbalance. However, he tried to be polite and solidarity people because, following (Wardhaugh :2001) he addressed somebody calling his first name such Jim.
Furthermore, McCain used the negative face because he considered that the only him had power and he wanted to be free to act and not to be involved with or unimpeded or he wanted his act was not bothered.
Now let me compare two examples of this utterances uttered by two debaters (Barack Obama and John McCain). Barack Obama is more polite and solidarity than McCain because Barrack Obama tried not to keep the distance by appreciating all of the audiences and mentioning their first name. While McCain kept the power and distance because he did not appreciate to the hosting and the institution that has invited him.
Data 2
No Debaters Utterances
2.1 Barrack Obama “Well, I think Senator McCain's absolutely right that we need more responsibility, but we need it not just when there's a crisis”
2.2 John McCain “ No, I -- look, we've got to fix the system. We've got fundamental problems in the system. And Main Street is paying a penalty for the excesses and greed in Washington, D.C., and on Wall Street.”
Analysis of Data (2)
Barrack Obama “Well, I think Senator McCain's absolutely right that we need more responsibility, but we need it not just when there's a crisis”
A strategy employed by Barrack Obama to avoid disagreement was using Positive politeness because Barrack Obama was very sure that all of the audiences had to be respected moreover McCain as rival of Barack Obama and also Barrack tried to be more polite and solidarity. Furthermore, Barrack has exaggerated the McCain’s statement saying absolutely right.
This case indicated that Barrack Obama agreed with McCain’s statement about the need of responsibility. However, Barrack Obama, actually, disagreed about McCain’s statement because he used the word but… indicated that there is something contradictory with the first utterances. It means that Barrack Obama used the hidden disagreement. He is, actually, going to say that we have to be responsible people not only when we are having crisis but more than this. Meaning that we have to be responsible people wherever, whenever we are in.
John McCain “ No, I -- look, we've got to fix the system. We've got fundamental problems in the system. And Main Street is paying a penalty for the excesses and greed in Washington, D.C., and on Wall Street.”
It is very different from Barrack Obama. When Jim Lehrer as moderator asked to McCain whether he agreed or not with Barrack Obama’s statement about we have to be fair to everybody and we are not allowed to discriminate the all the citizens. To avoid disagreement McCain used bald on record strategy he directly answered by saying “no”. McCain had no effort to minimize the impact of the face-threatening act. In other word, McCain refused the Barrack Obama’s opinion directly. In short, McCain make the negative atmosphere or politeness. But Barrack Obama used the hidden disagreement.
And now let me compare two debaters Barrack and McCain. In this case when Barrack wanted to object to McCain’s statement, Barrack used the hidden disagreement. He did not refuse it baldly. He tried to respect to McCain’s statement saying “Well, I think Senator McCain's absolutely right…. But not McCain, he avoid the disagreement badly, he directly said no. In short, Barrack is more polite than McCain although they are from America and McCain is elder than Barrack.
Data 3
No Debaters Utterances
3.1 Barrack Obama “Well, Senator McCain is absolutely right that the earmarks process has been abused, which is why I suspended any requests for my home state, whether it was for senior centers or what have you, until we cleaned it up.
And he's also right that oftentimes lobbyists and special interests are the ones that are introducing these kinds of requests, although that wasn't the case with me.
But let's be clear: Earmarks account for $18 billion in last year's budget. Senator McCain is proposing -- and this is a fundamental difference between us -- $300 billion in tax cuts to some of the wealthiest corporations and individuals in the country, $300 billion.
Now, $18 billion is important; $300 billion is really important”.
3.2 John McCain Senator Obama suspended those requests for pork-barrel projects after he was running for president of the United States. He didn't happen to see that light during the first three years as a member of the United States Senate, $932 million in requests.
Analysis of Data (3)
3.1. Barrack Obama “Well, Senator McCain is absolutely right that the earmarks process has been abused, which is why I suspended any requests for my home state, whether it was for senior centers or what have you, until we cleaned it up.
And he's also right that oftentimes lobbyists and special interests are the ones that are introducing these kinds of requests, although that wasn't the case with me.
But let's be clear: Earmarks account for $18 billion in last year's budget. Senator McCain is proposing -- and this is a fundamental difference between us -- $300 billion in tax cuts to some of the wealthiest corporations and individuals in the country, $300 billion.
Now, $18 billion is important; $300 billion is really important”.
Wherever and whenever Barrack Obama is, he always appreciates his interlocutor and also he always makes positive atmosphere. It is replaced the way how to avoid disagreement. In the first sentence of Barrack Obama, he said that he was really proud of McCain’s opinion. Obama was pretending 100% he agreed with McCain’s opinion by exaggerating McCain (absolutely). Actually, in this case signals that 100% Barrack Obama disagreed about that. But he used the hidden disagreement. It was shown […] but let me clear [...] indicated that there was something missing that Obama disagreed about it. It is about the fundamental difference between Barrack and McCain. Barrack said that $300 billion in tax cuts to some of the wealthiest corporations and individuals in the country, while McCain stated that ear markers accounted for $18 billion in last year’s budget.
3.2 John McCain “Senator Obama suspended those requests for pork-barrel projects after he was running for president of the United States. He didn't happen to see that light during the first three years as a member of the United States Senate, $932 million in requests.”
Senator John McCain had his own style how to attach to the Barrack Obama’s statement. John, directly, attached the Barrack Obama’s opinion. “Senator Obama suspended those requests for pork-barrel projects after he was running for president of the United States. It means that McCain used on record, baldly because McCain expressed his idea unambiguously. In the other hand John McCain always made negative atmosphere or politeness, he seldom respected his interlocutors.
Let me compare between two speakers Barack obama and John McCain. When Barack Obama is going to attach McCain’s statement, Barrack used positive politeness strategy for he pretend agree with McCain statement using repetition and exaggeration of the words.
Data 4
No Debaters Utterances
4.1 Barrack Obama That's not true, John. That's not true.
4.2 John McCain And that's just a fact. Again, you can look it up.
Analysis of Data (4)
4.1 Barrack Obama “That's not true, John. That's not true”.
According to McCain that Obama has shifted on a number of occasion, it means that Obama did something wrong. However, in this debate Obama used off record to defend his statement that he never said that he did do not yet. One reason why Obama used off record to defend his mistake because Obama will appeal that he will avoid the losing face.
4.2 John. McCain “And that's just a fact. Again, you can look it up”.
In this statement, McCain used on record, baldly to attach Barrack Obama’s opinion for McCain did not have effort to minimize the impact of FTA. McCain considered that he himself had biggest power than Obama.
In addition, McCain used negative face for he considered that all of the audiences attended that meeting are asymmetrical relationship in terms of power and also Barrack assumes that he is negatively impacting the McCain in some way, and tries to rectify this with an apology.
Here, when Barrack Obama is going to defend his opinion he used off record. Other wise, McCain said his statement directly. It means that McCain used On-record.
Data 5
No Debaters Utterances
5.1 John McCain I think the lessons of Iraq are very clear that you cannot have a failed strategy that will then cause you to nearly lose a conflict
5.2 Barrack Obama .
Well, this is an area where Senator McCain and I have a fundamental difference because I think the first question is whether we should have gone into the war in the first place.
Analysis of Data (5)
5.1 John McCain “I think the lessons of Iraq are very clear that you cannot have a failed strategy that will then cause you to nearly lose a conflict”. When the moderator Lehrer asked to McCain about how John McCain see the lesson of Iraq. Explicitly, McCain was happy because his state was winner. It means that he used on record baldly because McCain did not care to the other States. McCain felt proud of being the highest State in this world. In short, McCain wanted to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than he wanted to satisfy the audiences’ face.
5.2 Barrack Obama “Well, this is an area where Senator McCain and I have a fundamental difference because I think the first question is whether we should have gone into the war in the first place”. Here, responding Lehrer’s question about how Barrack Obama sees the lesson of Iraq. He used off record because he made deference statement from McCain. It means that he said something which is not explicitly relevance with what McCain said. Actually, he was very happy too because his State was winner, but he Barrack did not want to do FTA.
When moderator Lehrer requested John McCain’s and Barack Obama’s opinion about something happened in the past, and it was caused by USA, John McCain answered it directly, using on record. But not Barack Obama, he used off record.
Distribution of Politeness Strategies
Politeness Strategies Obama McCain Total
On-Record - 4 4
Politeness Politeness Strategies 3 - 3
Negative Politeness Strategies - 1 1
Off-Record 2 - 2
Total 10
TENTATIVE REFERENCES
Bogdan, Robert. 1998. Qualitative Research for Education: an Introduction to
Theory and Method (3rd ed). United States: Nancy Forsyth
Brown, Gillian and George Yule. 1989. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Brown, Penelope & Levinson, Stephen. 1996. Politeness Some universals in Language Usage. New York: Cambridge University Press
.
Esther N.Goody. 1989. Questions and Politeness Strategies in Social Interaction. New York: Cambridge University Press
Chaer, Abdul & Agustin, Leonie. 2005. Sosiolinguistik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta
Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Grundy, Peter. 2000. Doing Pragmatic. London: Cambridge University Press.
Moleong, Lexy J. 2007, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya
Rahardjo, Mudjia. 2002a. Relung-Relung Bahasa [Aspects of Language].
Yogyakarta: Aditya Media.
Rahardjo, Mudjia. 2002b. Pengantar Penelitian Bahasa [Introduction to
Language Research]. Malang: Cendikia Paramulya.
Renkeme, Jan. 1993, Discourse Studies an Introductory Textbook. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Wardaugh, Ronald. (1986), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Page Broz
Yule, George. 1985. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Sumarsono & Partana, Paina. 2002. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
skenario
Name : Moh. Jufri
NIM : 0532012
Subject : Creative Writing
Nasib si Anak Sulung
1. Ide Cerita
Cerita ini menggambarkan nasib seorang anak sulung yang menjadi tolak punggung keluarganya.
2. Sinopsis
Joko adalah anak tertua diantara kedua saudaranya. Dia itu harus memikul beban hidup kelurganya pasalnya kedua orang tuanya sudah lanjut usia, apalagi ayahnya yang sering sakit-sakitan, karena penyakit kencing manisnya itu ayahnaya Joko diharuskan berobat setiap mimggu.
Selain dia harus menanggung biaya hidup semua keluarganya, dia harus juga menanggung biaya sekolah adiknya si Ferdi dan pula biaya kuliahnya Joko sendiri. Si ferdi sekarang sedang kuliah di salah satu kampus swasta di Jakarta sadangkan Joko kuliah sambil bekerja di salah satu kampus swasta juga di Malang.
Joko harus bekerja keras baik dalam bekerja lebih-lebih dalam urusan perkuliahan. Karena yang bisa membuat orang tuanya bahagia adalah melihat Joko sukses dalam urusan dunia dan akhirat dan juga si Jokolah satu-satunya harapan keluarga. Karena dia orangnya orang rajin, pandai, berbakti terhadap orang tua walaupun tidak begitu cakep.
Berbeda dengan adiknya si ferdi, dia nakal, bodoh, jarang di rumah, dan selalu membangkang dengan apa yang dikatakan orang tua. Tapi kalau masalah tanpan Ferdilah yang menang sehingga banyak cewek yang nempel padanya, ini terbukti peratngannya Ferdi yang mendahului abangnya
Sanggubkah Joko menanggung semua itu, apalagi ditamabah biaya kuliah adiknya dan juga biaya kehidupan di Jakarta yang sangat mahal. Dan juga bagaimana dengan si Ferdi, bisakah dia merubah kebiasaan buruknya dan bagaimana pula dengan kisah cinta Ferdi dengan tunangannya mengingat tampan Ferdi yang cukup cakep. Untuk mengatahui semua itu tontonlah film ini sampai tuntas. .
3. Logline atau premis
Ferdi yang kuliahnya dibiayai oleh si Joko malah menghianati kepercayaan abangnya, di Jakarta dia tidak kuliah akan tetapi menjadi play boy kelas atas.
4. Treattemen
Babak I : cerita ini terjadi di sebuah desa kecil yang terletak di kabupatrn Sumenep. Di dalam keluarga ini terdiri dari ayah yang sakit-sakitan karena dimakan oleh usia, begitupun juga Ibu akan tetapi beliau masih kuat mengurusi masalah keluarga. Kelurga ini mempunyai dua anak yang masih berada dalam lembaga pendidikan. Si joko anak tertua orang lemah lembut, sopan, patuh terhadap orang tua, dan pandai, maka dari itulah dia adalah satu-satunya anak yang diharapkan dalam kelurga terbut. Karena Joko bisa membiayai kuliah dan juga yang menunggung semua kebutuhan keluarganya. Berbeda dengan Ferdi adiknya yang tidak pernah patuh terhadap orang tua.
Babak II : karena sifat Ferdi yang sangat jauh denagn abangnya Joko, maka sesampainya di Jakarta dia tidak lagi kuliah, dia hanya menghabiskan waktunya dengan mempermainkan semua cewek yang dia temui. Mungkin pasnya dia boleh dibilang dengan play boy kakap. Akan tetapi tidak semua insan yang hidup di dunia ini akan mendapatkan semua yang mereka inginkan. Buktinya, si Ferdi, meskipun dia adalah cowok play boy yang telah paham bagaimana caranya untuk tidak membuat seorang cewek hamil. Mungkin takdir belum berpihak ma Ferdi, cewek yang dia pernah gauli akhirnya hamil. Dari sinilah awal gelisahan dan penyesalan Ferdi karena tidak mengecewakan abangnya yang selalu mendukungnya.
Babak III : pada suatu malam yang sunyi hp joko berdering, dia tekejut dan kewatir karena pas dilihat telfon itu dari adiknya, dengan penuh penyesalan dan derail air mata si Ferdi minta maaf dan menceritakan apa yang telah terjadi padanya. Dia minta bantuan ke Joko untuk mengirimkan uang untuk mengaborsi ceweknya yang hamil itu. Dia juga mint tolong ma abangnya supaya tidak menceritakan hal tersebut terhadap kedua orang tuanya.
5. Outline scene/scene plot
1. Ferdi pamitan ke orang tua untuk pergi ke Jakarta melanjutkan pendidikannya ke perguruan tinggi.
2. Ferdi ketemu seorang cewek di tempat kuliahnya.
3. Joko harus bekerja keras untuk memenuhi biaya kuliahnya sendiri, adiknya dan kebutuhan orang tuanya.
6. Bikin sekenario
Nasib si Anak Sulung
Sekenario : M. Jefri
Fade in
Act I
INT : dalam ruang tamu
(Di pagi hari yang cerah, disaat Ferdi mau berangkat ke Jakarta dia pamitan dulu ke kedua orang tuanya dan kepada kakaknya Joko yang pulang dari Malang).
Ferdi :(sambil mencium kedua tangan orang tuanya dia minta maaf dengan apa yang telah dia perbuatan sekaligus minta restu darinya.(VO)
Ferdi :Ibu, pak saya mau berangkat do’ain ferdi.(VO)
(dengan suara terbata-bata karena tidak bias membendung derai air matanya)
Ayah dan Ibu :(bersamaan) pergi kemana? (VO)
(merasa heran dan terkejut).
Ferdi :ke Jakarta. Ke tempatnya Mbak. Fifit. Aku dah di telfon dia. Aku mau kerja dan kuliah di sana.(VO)
Ibu :ia anakku. Do’a dan restuku selalu mrnyertaimu dan kakakmu Joko.(VO)
Ayah :kamu yakin mau ke sana. Kira-kira kamu langsung dapat tempat tinggal gak di sana? Terus kamu makan apa dan tidur di mana di sana? (VO)
Ferdi :tenang pak, buk! Udah ada ko’. Mbak Fifit yang nyarikan. (VO)
Ayah :(terdiam) dan kamu Joko, kapan kamu balik ke Malang? Gimana dengan kuliah kamu disana? (VO)
Joko :Joko mau pamitan juga. Joko mau bareng dengan adik Ferdi. Joko mau nganterin dia sampai stasiun.(VO)
Ayah dan Ibu :(bersamaan). Syukur kalau begitu.(VO)
Ibu :adikmu kan belum pernah keluar kota. Aku kewatir dia kesasar.(VO)
Ayah :oia sebelum kereta yang adiknya berangkat. Kamu temenin dia dulu disana. (VO)
Joko :ia, pak,bu (VO)
Ayah dan Ibu :(memanggil joko ke dalam kamar)
Nanti di dalam mobil nasehati adiknya ya?karena hanya kamu yang bisa ngerti kondisinya dia.(VO)
Ibu :dan hanya kata-katamulah yang membuat dia insaf. Bilang kedia suruh hati-hati di sana, jangan berbuat yang tidak-tidak (VO)
Joko :insya Allah buk pak!(VO)
Fade out
dengan cucuran air mata mereka saling berpelukan seakan-akan tidak mau dipisahkan, maka berangkatlah Joko dan Ferdi ke stasiun kereta api Surabaya dengan menggunakan mobil L300. mereke sampai di sana kira-kira jm 10:00 am
fade in
mereka telah sampai di stasiun kereta api Pasar Turi Surabaya
ext :di stasiun kereta api Pasar Turi Surabaya
Act II
Joko :adik!!? gimana kalau beli tiket terlebih dahulu. Aku kewatir kamu gak kebagian tempat duduk karena ini abiz lebaran Idul Fitri semua orang pasti pada mau alur dan otomatis ramai. Apalagi keretanaya kelas ekonomi.(VO)
Ferdi :(dengan suara tersengau dan sambil mengeluarkan uangya)
ia kan! Kamu ja yang belikan. Ku nungguin barang-barangku di sini (sambil menunjuk temapt barang-barangnya diletakkan)(VO)
Joko :gak wes! Pakai uangku ja. Uang kamu simapan aja untuk bekal di Jakarta. (VO)
Fade out :tanpa basa basi Joko langsung membeli tiket jurusan Pasar Turi-Senin Jakarat
Fade in
EXT
Act III
Joko :Senin satu pak!(VO)
Penjual :Rp.45.000 (VO)
Joko :ini uangnya. Berangkat jam berapa pak?
Penjual :16:30 (VO)
Joko :makasih pak.(VO)
Fade out :sambil beranjak dari tempat penjualan tiket
Fade in
EXT
Act IV
Joko :ini tiketnya dek! Berangkat jam 16:30. oia sebelum mencari tempat dudukmu, ayo kita beli bekal keperluan kamu selama di kereta.(VO)
Ferdi :ia kan ini uangnya.(VO)
Joko :udah lah gak usah. Yang penting kamu selamat dan hati-hati di sana.(VO)
Fade :setelah selesai membeli tiket dan bekal selama di kereta, Joko dan Ferdi langsung menuju ke kereta
Fade in
EXT
Act V
Ferdi :mana keretanya kak? (VO)
Joko :sabar lah. Oh itu. (sambil menunjuk kereta). Ini keretanya dan ini tempat duduk pean.(VO)
Joko :dek mungkin aku tidak bisa nungguin kamu sampai keretanya berangkat. Aku takut entar aku gak dapat Len pas nyampek Malang. Aku mau berangkat duluan (VO)
Ferdi :ia gak pa2 kak!(VO)
Joko :bapak dan ibu berpesan. Kamu harus……. (seperti apa yang di omongin orang tuanya).(VO)
Ferdi :ia kak. Do’ain saja semoga Ferdi selalu ingat kata-kata ortu kita.(VO)
Joko :jangan lupa besok kalau sudah nyampek Jakarta sms ku.(VO)
Ferdi :oke! Boss, sammbil tersenyum. (VO)
Joko :ya udah aku berangkat dulu. (VO)
Ferdi :Ia kak!
Joko :assalamualaikum, hati-hati di jalan (VO)
Ferdi :wa’alaikum salam. Ia kak. Kakaka juga (VO)
Fade :akhirnya mereka berpisah. Joko pergi ke Malang dan Ferdi ke Jakarta Minggu awal Ferdi selalu ngabarin keaadannya di Jakarta bahwasanya dia udah punya pekerjaan dan Bosnya sangat baik. Seakan-akan Ferdi dianggap anak sendiri.
Fade in :Dua tahun kemudian Ferdi jarang ngirim sms, hpnya sering tidak aktif. Kalau di sms jarang di balas.
Act VI :Joko di Malang harus kerja keras demi kebutuhan orang tuanya di rumah, biaya kuliah adiknya di Jakarta, dan dia juga harus belajar yang giat, demi masa depannya.
Fade out :keadaannya Ferdi di Jakarta
Fade in :Ferdi di sana ketemu dengan seorang cewek yang akhirnya di jadikan pacarnya. Pada suatu malam yang sunyi kira-kira jam 00.00 dini hari, hpnya Joko berdering.
Act VII
Joko :(Joko melihat hp. Siapa malam nelfon. Gumam hatinya ) halo…haloo..halooo. ada apa dek. (berkali-kali Joko Tanya tapi gak satupun yang di Jawab. Joko hanya mendengar isakan tangis dalam hpnya).(VO)
Joko :halo. Ini dek Ferdi kan?(VO)
Ferdi :ia kak?(Filtered)
Joko :ada apa dek? Adek baik-baik aja kan? Ayo cerita. Emangnya kenapa dengan adek.(VO)
Ferdi :ferdi minta maaf, ferdi telah mengecewakan kepercayaannya kakak, dan semua keluarga di rumah. (VO)
Joko :ia adek kenapa? (dengan rasa kewatir dan bingung)(Feltered)
Ferdi :tapi kakak harus janji dan bantuin Ferdi. Jangan cerita ke Bapak dan Ibu.(VO)
Joko :ia aku janji. Emangnya kenapa si dek? (penuh penasaran dan kesal)(VO)
Ferdi :cewek Ferdi hamil kak?(Feltered)
Joko :apa? Hamil?(VO)
Ferdi :ia kak Hamil. Maafin Ferdi kak?(VO)
Joko :terus sekarang apa yang kakak bisa lakukan.(VO)
Ferdi :pinjamin Ferdi Uang 2 juta untuk aborsi.(feltered)
Joko :berapa? 2 juta? Dapat dari mana aku uang segitu banyaknya? Adek kan tahu aku ini mahasiswa yang hidupnya hanya pas-pasan.apalagi untuk aborsi (VO)
Ferdi :tolong Bantu Ferdi kak? Ia kak untuk aborsi karena adik tidak punya pilihan lain selain aborsi (VO)
Joko :terserah kamu wes! besok tak usahain. (Sambil menutup telfonnya)
Fade out :
Act VIII
Fade in :Keesokan harinya, Joko langsung sms ke beberapa temannya untuk meminjamkan uangnya. Namun semuanya nihil. Disela-sela joko mencari pinjaman uang, Ferdi selalu sms. Yang bunyinya “gimana kak? Dah dapt belum”. Joko semakin bingung, di samping dia kesel terhadap kelakuan adiknya dia juga kewatir banget dengan keadaan dia di sana maka dari itulah dia selalu sms adiknya, supanya tidak melakukan hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan, seperti bunuh diri, kabur, dll. Joko mencoba menengkan fikirannya Ferdi supaya bersabar dan tidak akan pernah melakukannya lagi.)
Kali ini keberuntungan berpihak pada Joko, salah satu temannya yang dikirimin sms untuk bisa meminjamkannya uang ternyata punya. Tanpa basa-basi lagi Joko lansung mentransfer uangnya kerening adiknya.
Fade out
Fade in
act IX
Maka Ferdi dan pacarnya, langsung pergi ke dukun untuk mengaborsi kandungannya.
Karakter :
Ø Joko
Ø Ferdi
Ø Ayah
Ø Ibu
Ø Dukun
Ø Bos
Ø Ceweknya ferdi
Ø Penjual tiket kereta
NIM : 0532012
Subject : Creative Writing
Nasib si Anak Sulung
1. Ide Cerita
Cerita ini menggambarkan nasib seorang anak sulung yang menjadi tolak punggung keluarganya.
2. Sinopsis
Joko adalah anak tertua diantara kedua saudaranya. Dia itu harus memikul beban hidup kelurganya pasalnya kedua orang tuanya sudah lanjut usia, apalagi ayahnya yang sering sakit-sakitan, karena penyakit kencing manisnya itu ayahnaya Joko diharuskan berobat setiap mimggu.
Selain dia harus menanggung biaya hidup semua keluarganya, dia harus juga menanggung biaya sekolah adiknya si Ferdi dan pula biaya kuliahnya Joko sendiri. Si ferdi sekarang sedang kuliah di salah satu kampus swasta di Jakarta sadangkan Joko kuliah sambil bekerja di salah satu kampus swasta juga di Malang.
Joko harus bekerja keras baik dalam bekerja lebih-lebih dalam urusan perkuliahan. Karena yang bisa membuat orang tuanya bahagia adalah melihat Joko sukses dalam urusan dunia dan akhirat dan juga si Jokolah satu-satunya harapan keluarga. Karena dia orangnya orang rajin, pandai, berbakti terhadap orang tua walaupun tidak begitu cakep.
Berbeda dengan adiknya si ferdi, dia nakal, bodoh, jarang di rumah, dan selalu membangkang dengan apa yang dikatakan orang tua. Tapi kalau masalah tanpan Ferdilah yang menang sehingga banyak cewek yang nempel padanya, ini terbukti peratngannya Ferdi yang mendahului abangnya
Sanggubkah Joko menanggung semua itu, apalagi ditamabah biaya kuliah adiknya dan juga biaya kehidupan di Jakarta yang sangat mahal. Dan juga bagaimana dengan si Ferdi, bisakah dia merubah kebiasaan buruknya dan bagaimana pula dengan kisah cinta Ferdi dengan tunangannya mengingat tampan Ferdi yang cukup cakep. Untuk mengatahui semua itu tontonlah film ini sampai tuntas. .
3. Logline atau premis
Ferdi yang kuliahnya dibiayai oleh si Joko malah menghianati kepercayaan abangnya, di Jakarta dia tidak kuliah akan tetapi menjadi play boy kelas atas.
4. Treattemen
Babak I : cerita ini terjadi di sebuah desa kecil yang terletak di kabupatrn Sumenep. Di dalam keluarga ini terdiri dari ayah yang sakit-sakitan karena dimakan oleh usia, begitupun juga Ibu akan tetapi beliau masih kuat mengurusi masalah keluarga. Kelurga ini mempunyai dua anak yang masih berada dalam lembaga pendidikan. Si joko anak tertua orang lemah lembut, sopan, patuh terhadap orang tua, dan pandai, maka dari itulah dia adalah satu-satunya anak yang diharapkan dalam kelurga terbut. Karena Joko bisa membiayai kuliah dan juga yang menunggung semua kebutuhan keluarganya. Berbeda dengan Ferdi adiknya yang tidak pernah patuh terhadap orang tua.
Babak II : karena sifat Ferdi yang sangat jauh denagn abangnya Joko, maka sesampainya di Jakarta dia tidak lagi kuliah, dia hanya menghabiskan waktunya dengan mempermainkan semua cewek yang dia temui. Mungkin pasnya dia boleh dibilang dengan play boy kakap. Akan tetapi tidak semua insan yang hidup di dunia ini akan mendapatkan semua yang mereka inginkan. Buktinya, si Ferdi, meskipun dia adalah cowok play boy yang telah paham bagaimana caranya untuk tidak membuat seorang cewek hamil. Mungkin takdir belum berpihak ma Ferdi, cewek yang dia pernah gauli akhirnya hamil. Dari sinilah awal gelisahan dan penyesalan Ferdi karena tidak mengecewakan abangnya yang selalu mendukungnya.
Babak III : pada suatu malam yang sunyi hp joko berdering, dia tekejut dan kewatir karena pas dilihat telfon itu dari adiknya, dengan penuh penyesalan dan derail air mata si Ferdi minta maaf dan menceritakan apa yang telah terjadi padanya. Dia minta bantuan ke Joko untuk mengirimkan uang untuk mengaborsi ceweknya yang hamil itu. Dia juga mint tolong ma abangnya supaya tidak menceritakan hal tersebut terhadap kedua orang tuanya.
5. Outline scene/scene plot
1. Ferdi pamitan ke orang tua untuk pergi ke Jakarta melanjutkan pendidikannya ke perguruan tinggi.
2. Ferdi ketemu seorang cewek di tempat kuliahnya.
3. Joko harus bekerja keras untuk memenuhi biaya kuliahnya sendiri, adiknya dan kebutuhan orang tuanya.
6. Bikin sekenario
Nasib si Anak Sulung
Sekenario : M. Jefri
Fade in
Act I
INT : dalam ruang tamu
(Di pagi hari yang cerah, disaat Ferdi mau berangkat ke Jakarta dia pamitan dulu ke kedua orang tuanya dan kepada kakaknya Joko yang pulang dari Malang).
Ferdi :(sambil mencium kedua tangan orang tuanya dia minta maaf dengan apa yang telah dia perbuatan sekaligus minta restu darinya.(VO)
Ferdi :Ibu, pak saya mau berangkat do’ain ferdi.(VO)
(dengan suara terbata-bata karena tidak bias membendung derai air matanya)
Ayah dan Ibu :(bersamaan) pergi kemana? (VO)
(merasa heran dan terkejut).
Ferdi :ke Jakarta. Ke tempatnya Mbak. Fifit. Aku dah di telfon dia. Aku mau kerja dan kuliah di sana.(VO)
Ibu :ia anakku. Do’a dan restuku selalu mrnyertaimu dan kakakmu Joko.(VO)
Ayah :kamu yakin mau ke sana. Kira-kira kamu langsung dapat tempat tinggal gak di sana? Terus kamu makan apa dan tidur di mana di sana? (VO)
Ferdi :tenang pak, buk! Udah ada ko’. Mbak Fifit yang nyarikan. (VO)
Ayah :(terdiam) dan kamu Joko, kapan kamu balik ke Malang? Gimana dengan kuliah kamu disana? (VO)
Joko :Joko mau pamitan juga. Joko mau bareng dengan adik Ferdi. Joko mau nganterin dia sampai stasiun.(VO)
Ayah dan Ibu :(bersamaan). Syukur kalau begitu.(VO)
Ibu :adikmu kan belum pernah keluar kota. Aku kewatir dia kesasar.(VO)
Ayah :oia sebelum kereta yang adiknya berangkat. Kamu temenin dia dulu disana. (VO)
Joko :ia, pak,bu (VO)
Ayah dan Ibu :(memanggil joko ke dalam kamar)
Nanti di dalam mobil nasehati adiknya ya?karena hanya kamu yang bisa ngerti kondisinya dia.(VO)
Ibu :dan hanya kata-katamulah yang membuat dia insaf. Bilang kedia suruh hati-hati di sana, jangan berbuat yang tidak-tidak (VO)
Joko :insya Allah buk pak!(VO)
Fade out
dengan cucuran air mata mereka saling berpelukan seakan-akan tidak mau dipisahkan, maka berangkatlah Joko dan Ferdi ke stasiun kereta api Surabaya dengan menggunakan mobil L300. mereke sampai di sana kira-kira jm 10:00 am
fade in
mereka telah sampai di stasiun kereta api Pasar Turi Surabaya
ext :di stasiun kereta api Pasar Turi Surabaya
Act II
Joko :adik!!? gimana kalau beli tiket terlebih dahulu. Aku kewatir kamu gak kebagian tempat duduk karena ini abiz lebaran Idul Fitri semua orang pasti pada mau alur dan otomatis ramai. Apalagi keretanaya kelas ekonomi.(VO)
Ferdi :(dengan suara tersengau dan sambil mengeluarkan uangya)
ia kan! Kamu ja yang belikan. Ku nungguin barang-barangku di sini (sambil menunjuk temapt barang-barangnya diletakkan)(VO)
Joko :gak wes! Pakai uangku ja. Uang kamu simapan aja untuk bekal di Jakarta. (VO)
Fade out :tanpa basa basi Joko langsung membeli tiket jurusan Pasar Turi-Senin Jakarat
Fade in
EXT
Act III
Joko :Senin satu pak!(VO)
Penjual :Rp.45.000 (VO)
Joko :ini uangnya. Berangkat jam berapa pak?
Penjual :16:30 (VO)
Joko :makasih pak.(VO)
Fade out :sambil beranjak dari tempat penjualan tiket
Fade in
EXT
Act IV
Joko :ini tiketnya dek! Berangkat jam 16:30. oia sebelum mencari tempat dudukmu, ayo kita beli bekal keperluan kamu selama di kereta.(VO)
Ferdi :ia kan ini uangnya.(VO)
Joko :udah lah gak usah. Yang penting kamu selamat dan hati-hati di sana.(VO)
Fade :setelah selesai membeli tiket dan bekal selama di kereta, Joko dan Ferdi langsung menuju ke kereta
Fade in
EXT
Act V
Ferdi :mana keretanya kak? (VO)
Joko :sabar lah. Oh itu. (sambil menunjuk kereta). Ini keretanya dan ini tempat duduk pean.(VO)
Joko :dek mungkin aku tidak bisa nungguin kamu sampai keretanya berangkat. Aku takut entar aku gak dapat Len pas nyampek Malang. Aku mau berangkat duluan (VO)
Ferdi :ia gak pa2 kak!(VO)
Joko :bapak dan ibu berpesan. Kamu harus……. (seperti apa yang di omongin orang tuanya).(VO)
Ferdi :ia kak. Do’ain saja semoga Ferdi selalu ingat kata-kata ortu kita.(VO)
Joko :jangan lupa besok kalau sudah nyampek Jakarta sms ku.(VO)
Ferdi :oke! Boss, sammbil tersenyum. (VO)
Joko :ya udah aku berangkat dulu. (VO)
Ferdi :Ia kak!
Joko :assalamualaikum, hati-hati di jalan (VO)
Ferdi :wa’alaikum salam. Ia kak. Kakaka juga (VO)
Fade :akhirnya mereka berpisah. Joko pergi ke Malang dan Ferdi ke Jakarta Minggu awal Ferdi selalu ngabarin keaadannya di Jakarta bahwasanya dia udah punya pekerjaan dan Bosnya sangat baik. Seakan-akan Ferdi dianggap anak sendiri.
Fade in :Dua tahun kemudian Ferdi jarang ngirim sms, hpnya sering tidak aktif. Kalau di sms jarang di balas.
Act VI :Joko di Malang harus kerja keras demi kebutuhan orang tuanya di rumah, biaya kuliah adiknya di Jakarta, dan dia juga harus belajar yang giat, demi masa depannya.
Fade out :keadaannya Ferdi di Jakarta
Fade in :Ferdi di sana ketemu dengan seorang cewek yang akhirnya di jadikan pacarnya. Pada suatu malam yang sunyi kira-kira jam 00.00 dini hari, hpnya Joko berdering.
Act VII
Joko :(Joko melihat hp. Siapa malam nelfon. Gumam hatinya ) halo…haloo..halooo. ada apa dek. (berkali-kali Joko Tanya tapi gak satupun yang di Jawab. Joko hanya mendengar isakan tangis dalam hpnya).(VO)
Joko :halo. Ini dek Ferdi kan?(VO)
Ferdi :ia kak?(Filtered)
Joko :ada apa dek? Adek baik-baik aja kan? Ayo cerita. Emangnya kenapa dengan adek.(VO)
Ferdi :ferdi minta maaf, ferdi telah mengecewakan kepercayaannya kakak, dan semua keluarga di rumah. (VO)
Joko :ia adek kenapa? (dengan rasa kewatir dan bingung)(Feltered)
Ferdi :tapi kakak harus janji dan bantuin Ferdi. Jangan cerita ke Bapak dan Ibu.(VO)
Joko :ia aku janji. Emangnya kenapa si dek? (penuh penasaran dan kesal)(VO)
Ferdi :cewek Ferdi hamil kak?(Feltered)
Joko :apa? Hamil?(VO)
Ferdi :ia kak Hamil. Maafin Ferdi kak?(VO)
Joko :terus sekarang apa yang kakak bisa lakukan.(VO)
Ferdi :pinjamin Ferdi Uang 2 juta untuk aborsi.(feltered)
Joko :berapa? 2 juta? Dapat dari mana aku uang segitu banyaknya? Adek kan tahu aku ini mahasiswa yang hidupnya hanya pas-pasan.apalagi untuk aborsi (VO)
Ferdi :tolong Bantu Ferdi kak? Ia kak untuk aborsi karena adik tidak punya pilihan lain selain aborsi (VO)
Joko :terserah kamu wes! besok tak usahain. (Sambil menutup telfonnya)
Fade out :
Act VIII
Fade in :Keesokan harinya, Joko langsung sms ke beberapa temannya untuk meminjamkan uangnya. Namun semuanya nihil. Disela-sela joko mencari pinjaman uang, Ferdi selalu sms. Yang bunyinya “gimana kak? Dah dapt belum”. Joko semakin bingung, di samping dia kesel terhadap kelakuan adiknya dia juga kewatir banget dengan keadaan dia di sana maka dari itulah dia selalu sms adiknya, supanya tidak melakukan hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan, seperti bunuh diri, kabur, dll. Joko mencoba menengkan fikirannya Ferdi supaya bersabar dan tidak akan pernah melakukannya lagi.)
Kali ini keberuntungan berpihak pada Joko, salah satu temannya yang dikirimin sms untuk bisa meminjamkannya uang ternyata punya. Tanpa basa-basi lagi Joko lansung mentransfer uangnya kerening adiknya.
Fade out
Fade in
act IX
Maka Ferdi dan pacarnya, langsung pergi ke dukun untuk mengaborsi kandungannya.
Karakter :
Ø Joko
Ø Ferdi
Ø Ayah
Ø Ibu
Ø Dukun
Ø Bos
Ø Ceweknya ferdi
Ø Penjual tiket kereta
Senin, 05 Januari 2009
implicature
Name : Moh. Jufri
NIM : 05320121
Class : B
Subject : Discourse analysis
Implicature used by Iqbal and His Parents in Film “Syahadat Cinta”
1.1 Background of the Study
Where there is man, there is language, so does the man. Both of them cannot be separated each other. Language appears, exists, and develops due to man. Also men can live and interact among the people because of language. Both of language and man unite in their daily life; it is the correlation between language and man. Further more, the language can, also, distinguish man from other creation Lim in this world Kiat Boey (1975: 3)
The use of language is not for communication only, but also it is used for other purposes. Some people, moreover, use language to achieve and reach an intention. Public speakers or scientists use language to share their knowledge, thought, and experiences, politicians use language to influence other’s opinion to create an agreement or support to what they say and act or perhaps to control their power. A presidential candidate, for instance, uses language in his or her speeches to persuade and convince people that he or she is qualified to be the next president and what he or she asserts about some issues is true based on his or her arguments. As well as actors and actress use the proper language to entertain their audiences. Thus, language is a means to reach some purposes Chaika (1982: 45).
Always, we find out in our daily activities that some people are using certain utterances, they, actually, will not say the natural meaning of that utterance. It means that people have other propose that is beyond of the exact meaning. According to Grice, this term is called as implicature.
Grice (1975) introduced implicature to account for what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as distinction from what the speaker literally says. The language used is often contextual and interpretable. On the other hand, it has implied and intended meaning. As a brief account of how the term implicature is used in discourse analysis. In Grice's proposal, the implicatures are pragmatic aspects of meaning and have certain identifiable characteristics. Implicatures are partially derived from the conventional or literal meaning of an utterance, produced in specific context, which is shared by the speaker and hearer.
The theory of implicature, which is proposed by Herbert Paul Grice, is the one particularly used to analyze the words or utterances. Grice divided implicature into conventional and conversational implicature, and further he distinguished conversational implicature into generalized and particularized implicature.
In addition, Grice proposed that participants in a communicative exchange are guided by a principle that determines the way in which language is used with maximum efficiency and effect to achieve rational communication. He called it the Cooperative Principle, which consists of four maxims (Grundy, 2000: 74). First, maxims of quantity, in which you should make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). Second, maxims of quality, in which you are not allowed to say what you believe to be false and also you are not allowed to say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Third, maxim of relation, everything you say must be relevant. Forth, maxim of manner, when you are speaking you have to avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity), be orderly.
A study of discourse analysis about implicature is extremely interesting to learn, where language (spoken or written) and context are inseparable. In spoken language, such as in the film, the actors or actress often use simple language in their conversation but it has large meaning, also they say something that is beyond on the literal meaning. They use it for they are only going to entertain the audiences and to make sufficient conversation.
This study is going to analyze the "Syahadat Cinta" film since it tells about someone who got remorse and how to fall in love in modern Islamic perspective. Finally, he became the good man and could invite non Muslim woman to be Muslim woman. This case, actually, is because of the sake of love. In spite of this phenomenon, the researcher prefers analyzing this film due to some reasons. 1) This story refers to the life of the researcher himself. 2) The researcher is going to learn how to fall in love in modern Islamic perspective. 3) The researcher considers that the actors and actress always use implicature during their conversation so that it will make easy to the researcher to discuss it.
However, the researcher will not investigate the whole film. He will just analyze the conversation that has happened to Iqbal and his relatives. It is because the researcher has aim to know how the conversations conduct and occur among the families. Therefore, the researcher will investigate the first scene of that film since Iqbal's conversation and his parents only occurred on the first scene.
1.2 Research Questions
Based on the background of study, this research focuses on the following questions
1. what types of implicatures used by Iqbal and his parents?
2. how implicatures are used by them?
1.3 Research Method
A research design is a general plan that helps the researcher to conduct the study in reference to the objectives, the method of data gathering and analysis and the strategy to present the findings and conclusion. Since language has been observable, most of linguistic studies are conducted by using qualitative design. It is just because language studies are categorized as social science and most of social science prefers to choose qualitative as a methodology, a general approach used to explore the problems. As a matter of fact, this research also includes to descriptive study because it produces descriptive knowledge of investigating and analyzing thoroughly certain phenomena of language. The research design of this study is, eventually, descriptive qualitative because it intends to analyze the implicature used by Iqbal and his parents.
The proper instrument to get the data of this research is the researcher himself because this research uses qualitative research. The researcher has watched on film "Syahadat Cinta" many times. Then, he selected the data which refer to research questions. After selecting the data, the researcher transcribed them, in order the researcher can feel easy to analyze it.
1.4 Data Analysis
Data 1
Iqbal : (masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk)
Mama : astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)
Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?
From the conversation above, we can interpret that there are implicatuires which is done by Iqbal and his mama. The utterance of "Iqbal masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk". Iqbal has hobby to drink alcohol so he always comes back to his house in unconscious condition. Because of this case it is easy to the mama to suspect the Iqbal's condition. From that phenomenon, we can name this utterance as generalized conversational implicature since it has been clear to the mama that Iqbal has been drinking alcohol, though, the Iqbal does not say anything. It means that this utterance does not depend on the specific context to understand the message that is implied by Iqbal.
The utterance "astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)" indicated that Mama regretted about Iqbal's condition. She asked help to God in order Iqbal can stop his hobby drinking alcohol and change his habit into good habit. So that, this utterances can be categorized as generalized conversational implicature for Iqbal really understands what mama wanted without knowing the context .i.e Iqbal must stop his bad habit. Also this conversation does not follow the cooperative principle since it flouts the maxims of quantity. The mama does not give contribution as informative as is required by Iqbal. The mama did not stop his utterance by producing "astaqfirullah hal adzim" but she asked something else related to Iqbal's condition. Further more this utterance used a figurative language .i.e. irony because mama did not blame Iqbal directly, asked him to stop his habit. But she asked for help to God and she believed that by using the irony the advice that she wanted to give to his son is more effective.
"Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu". Those utterances used yes no and w question. Mama, actually, will not ask something that needs the answer. For instance the first question, "Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Without asking something to Iqbal, mama has already known that Iqbal has just been drinking alcohol, so this utterance can be considered a flout some of maxims because mama used rhetorical question which does not need the answer. Mama's question, actually, has implied meaning .i.e. mama has felt bored and disgusting to iqbal's hobby. It is the same as the following question .i.e " Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini saying….?" Again mama flouts some of maxims for mama uttered rhetorical question and irony by using sayang. Also this utterance has implied meaning. Mama's proposes, actually, wants to advise Iqbal to stop drinking alcohol and being good man. Mama considered using rhetorical question and figurative language .i.e. irony. The advice given by mama is more effective. The last utterance " Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?" those utterances also flout the maxim since mama used rhetorical question which does not need the answer. This utterance, actually, wants to advise Iqbal to stop drinking and being good man. The word "kehidupanmu" refers to bad life and Iqbal enjoyed to that life. On the other hand, mama disliked it very much because mama believed that this life is bad and it will make Iqbal's future not to be bright. From these explanations, we can interpret that three questions of these utterances are categorized as generalized conversational implicatures because Iqbal has understood that his mama gave the advice without depending on the specific context. In short, these three utterances flout the maxims of quantity because mama did not give information as required by Iqbal.
Data II
Ayah : mau kemana lagi kamu? Pasti kamu mau bermabuk lagi?
Iqbal : sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?
From the dialogue above, we can see there are implicatures used by Iqbal and his father. The first utterance of Iqbal' s father "mau kemana lagi? Pasti kamu bermabuk lagi?" , can be called as generalized conversational implicature since it has been clear for the Iqbal that his father does not allow him to go somewhere, especially to drink alcohol. And also Iqbal does not need to the specific context to understand the messages produced by his father.
This utterance flouts the maxim .i.e. quality. Actually, the father has known that Iqbal is going to go somewhere for drinking alcohol. So this utterance is called as rhetorical question for this question does not need the answer. Also this utterance used the lagi, it indicated that Iqbal has hobbies to drink alcohol and go somewhere. So that, it is categorized as conventional implicature because there is lexical item or expression “lagi” that helps the audiences that Iqbal always drinks and goes anywhere. The father actually feels pity to Iqbal and he wants Iqbal to stop drinking and going somewhere. In short, the aims of this rhetorical question, actually, is want to advice Iqbal in order he can finish his habit.
The second utterance, "sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?" it can be categorized as generalized conversational implicature because the father has already realized that he seldom cares to the Iqbal's life without waiting the specific context to understand it.
Iqbal does not follow the cooperative principle; it means that he flouts the maxim. i.e. quantity because Iqbal does not give as informative is required by his father. His father asked to Iqbal where he is going to, but, in this case Iqbal did not answer it, the contradictory Iqbal asked something also to his father. So this utterance is called by rhetorical question.
Data III
Iqbal : mama di mana Pak Adi? (Sambil menangis)
P.Adi : di ruang ICU
P.Adi : den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan
Iqbal : Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak bisa
P.Adi : astaqfirullah haladzim…!!
Iqbal : ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu.
From the dialogue above, we can see that there are some implicatures which is done by Iqbal and P.Adi. Before discussing this utterance, I would like to inform you that P.Adi is server of Iqbal's house. The first utterance " mama di mana Pak Adi?" shown that Iqbal is really curious where mama was taken care. This conversation can be categorized as particularized conversational implicature since to know where mama is lying is need the specific context. And Iqbal was loking for his mama's room while crying, containing implied meaning that Iqbal really regretted what he has done before, and because of him, mama got sick.
”di ruang ICU". It has implied meaning .i.e. mama got serious sick so that she was taken care in ICU room. It can be called as generalized conversational implicature for to understand the message Iqbal did not wait or depend on the specific context and it deals with the Grice's cooperative principle and its maxims. It is conveyed as enough as required as informative by Iqbal, also Pak. Adi told the truth, using unambiguous word, and relevant to the topic.
"den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan" contained implied meaning that Pak. Adi wanted to be angry with Iqbal. Due to Iqbal, mama was getting sick. But because he is server he tried to advise Iqbal saying be patient and asking to God, hopefully, mama gets better soon. This utterances can categorized as generalized conversational implicature because Iqbal did not need specific context to understand what Pak.Adi said. Also this utterances flout the maxim of quantity because Pak. Adi gave much information which was not required by Iqbal and used the figurative language .i.e irony.
"Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak biasa" it has implied meaning that Iqbal never prays and worships to God so that he refused what Pak. Adi advised, and he really believed that God has already known about the condition Iqbal at that time. It belongs to generalized conversational implicature because Pak. Adi did not depend on the specific context to understand the implied meaning produced by Iqbal. It did not follow the Grice's cooperative principle because it flouts the maxim .i.e. quantity. Pak. Adi just asked to Iqbal to pray and worship for mama in order she could get better soon. But in this case, he spoke too much that is not required by Pak. Adi.
"astaqfirullah haladzim…!!" contained implied meaning that Pak Adi felt pity to Iqbal and Pak Adi regretted and felt guilty because he asked something that Iqbal cannot do that. So Pak Adi leaved everything to God. It can be called as generalized conversational implicature because Iqbal has known that Pak.Adi has already understood about Iqbal's condition without seeing the specific context. However, this utterance flouts the maxims .i.e. quantity because Pak. adi did not give information as is required by Iqbal. Also this utterance can be categorized as irony for it used the figurative language to make implied meaning and it is more effective way to advice some one.
"ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu" it has implied meaning that Iqbal realized that he had made much mistakes during his life moreover to his God, then he forced himself to apologize to God. Iqbal, actually, really wanted to be good son who can dedicate his life to his parents and also to his God. This utterances deal with generalized conversational implicature for Pak Adi can catch the messages which are intended by Iqbal without depending on the specific context. However, these utterances flout the maxims .i.e. manner. Iqbal used the ambiguous utterance .i.e the word "mencengkarama" so these utterances can be categorized as hyperbola.
Data IV
Mama : pak? Iqbal mana?
Papa : Iqbal ada.
Papa : (menoleh keluar lihat Iqbal). Iqbal..?? panaggil mama.
Iqbal : maafin iqbal mama. (sambil mencium tangannya)
Mama : tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkanmu sayang…!!!
Iqbal : Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren.
Mama : apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh
Iqbal : tapi iqbal takut ma? Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji.
Mama : bilang aja kalau belum bisa.
Iqbal : tapi iqbal malu.
Mama : kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?
The first utterance produced by mama “pak? Iqbal mana?” contained implied meaning that mama has really understood to the Iqbal’s condition. And mama is very sure that Iqbal must feel sad. Because of him, mama was unconscious and was getting sick. Also mama asked to the father in order he would not be angry with Iqbal. This utterance can be called as generalized implicature because papa really understood that mama wanted to see and say something to Iqbal without knowing the specific context.
“Iqbal ada Iqbal..?? panaggil mama.” indicated that Iqbal is oke. It means that he is fine and since mama has lied in the hospital Iqbal never went somewhere; he always comes long with mama. This conversation follows the cooperative principle .i.e . four maxims because papa give information as required by mama (quantity), papa told the truth that Iqbal is really there (quality), and papa did not use the words that the hearer did not understand, meaning that papa did not use the ambiguous words (manner), as well as papa gave the answer to mama that related to the topic (relation). In addition, this conversation can be categorized as generalized implicature for in understanding the messages the participants did not depend on the specific context.
“maafin iqbal mama” the implied meaning of this utterance is Iqbal does not only apologize to his mama, but also he tries to persuade mama, in order she can receive to Iqbal’s apology. I think Iqbal is cleaver and smart because he knows the way how to apologize to his mama and the weaknesses of her. He implemented by crying and kissing her hand. Because mama has understood very well what Iqbal intended by ignoring the special context, this utterance can be named as generalized implicature. Further more, this utterance does not follow the four maxims, meaning that it flouts the one of them for from that conversation occurred before, mama just asked the Iqbal’s condition whether he is fine or not, but suddenly, Iqbal requested to mama in order he can forgive him it mean that he flouts the maxim .i.e (quantity).
“tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkanmu sayang…!!!” not only Iqbal knew the way how to apologize to his mama, but also her, she is really-really smart what she has to do to his son. Seeing Iqbal apologized while crying, mama is much happy, as if as she wanted to provide whatever Iqbal required. It can be classified as generalized conversation implicature since Iqbal considered that his mama will accept his apology without seeing the context. Again it flouts the one of the maxims i.e. quantity by using irony. The wanted answer, actually, expected by Iqbal is yes or no, but here, mama gave much information which is not required by Iqbal. However, its answer is more effective than just yes or no. also it will not offend to Iqbal. Mama has known much the characteristic of Iqbal.
“Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren”. Iqbal does not finish yet persuading his mama, he forces persuading his mama using its utterance. Because he knows there are not words can get mama happy except the word “pesantren” (private and classical schools for students who want to study about classical books and Islamic science) so he used it for apology to his mama. And Iqbal believe that by producing this word, mama will give something that Iqbal expected very much. It is called as generalized implicature for mama understands that she is persuaded by his son. Addition, its utterance does not follow the cooperative principle of three maxims .i.e quantity, quality, and relevance since Iqbal did not give information required by mama, actually, she did not propose to Iqbal to go to Pesantren (Islamic Boarding House), but spontaneously, he told to his mama that he had decided to go Pesantren so it flouts the maxim of quantity, and Iqbal did not tell truth because the following utterance that will be discussed later Iqbal used the word but, it means that Iqbal dislikes studying I pesantren (quality), as well as relavance, this utterance is not relevant to the topic that mama and Iqbal is being discussed.
“apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh” mama felt surprise because Iqbal, suddenly, agreed with what mama proposed. It is go on his study in pesantren, she is not, however, sure that Iqbal really wants to go on his study at pesantren. So that mama used its utterance for making Iqbal sure that no anything that can make mama happy except Iqbal wants to continue his study at pesantren. Besides that mama knows the characteristic of Iqbal very much so she pronounced the figurative language i.e irony is for getting angry with him for many times mama invited him to continue his study at pesantren but he used to make excuse.
Further more its utterance flouts the maxims .i.e. quantity, because it does not make contribution as informative as required by Iqbal. He, actually, needs the words yes, it is good idea is enough; quality for it does not say the truth. Mama tries to quote from other mother’s belief. It means that she is not sure what she say is true. However, its utterance can be classified as general implicature because Iqbal has already known what mama intended to him .i.e. mama is getting angry with him due to his doer.
tapi iqbal takut ma! Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji?, Here, Iqbal used the figurative language i.e. irony “tapi” (but), it means that Iqbal did not want to study at pesantren, he wants to complain to his mama in order she can allow him not go on his study at pesantren. Iqbal tried to force his mama by saying the weaknesses of him .i.e he cannot recite holly book (Al-qur’an). Iqbal is diplomatic person because he can show his weaknesses without feeling loosing face and order something to his mama without getting angry.
Its utterance can be classified as general implicature since mama can catch the point that Iqbal, actually, dislike staying at pesantren without seeking the specific context that can show what Iqbal intended. Again this utterance flouts the maxims .i.e quantity for Iqbal talked too much in that situation, meaning that he did not say something which is required by mama, quality since Iqbal told something that he himself did not believe if it was true.
“bilang aja kalau belum bisa”. Although, Iqbal cannot recite Al-qur’an, the teachers of pesantren will not be angry with you and they will teach you happily and nicely. And they will be happy because you can tell your condition truely. It is, actually, the implied meaning of mama’s utterance.
This utterance can be categorized as general implicature for Iqbal really understood what mama proposed without waiting for the special context. It meaning that Iqbal can get the implied meaning produced by mama. Also this utterance followed the cooperative principle .i.e four maxims. 1). Quantity, mama gave information which is required by Iqbal, 2). Quality, mama’s utterance is true that Iqbal cannot recite Al-qur’an, 3). Relevance, its utterance is very relevant with the topic .i.e about Iqbal will study at pesantren, 4). Manner, mama used the language which every one can get the points easily.
To make sure that Iqbal really did not want to study at pesantren he pronounced the utterance “tapi iqbal malu”. He did not give up to persuade his mama in order she can permit him to come along with his families and he can play with his friends. To emphasize his project he mentioned his name. These are the implied meaning of Iqbal’s utterance.
Its utterance can be called as general implicature for mama really understood what Iqbal intended without looking for the special context. It meaning that mama can catch the implied meaning produced by Iqbal. Also this utterance followed the cooperative principle .i.e four maxims. 1). Quantity, Iqbal did not say something which is not required by the hearer, 2). Quality, Iqbal told the truth that he would be shy due to his weakness, 3). Relevance, its utterance is very relevant with the topic .i.e about Iqbal that he cannot recite Al-qur’an, 4). Manner, Iqbal did not use the ambiguous words that can make hearer difficult to understand the messages.
“kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?”. Mama wanted his son to be a good man very much so she pressurized his son to stay at pesantren. She used question word .i.e w. for forcing him. This question is called as rhetorical question which does not the answer, it just for pressing Iqbal. It is the implied meaning of this utterance.
This utterance can be categorized as general implicature for Iqbal really understood that mama really pressurized him to study at pesantren without waiting for the special context. It means that Iqbal can get the implied meaning produced by mama. This utterance did follow the cooperative principle, meaning that it flout some of the maxims .i.e. quantity for it did not give information which is just intended by Iqbal, quality since mama told something that she herself did not believe in that it is fact.
Conversation
Iqbal : masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk
Mama : astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)
Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?
Ayah : mau kemana lagi kamu? Pasti kamu mau bermabuk lagi?
Iqbal : sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?
Iqbal : mama di mana Pak Adi? Sambil menangis
P.Adi : di ruang ICU
P.Adi : den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan
Iqbal : Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak bisa
P.Adi : astaqfirullah haladzim…!!
Iqbal : ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu.
Iqbal : mama…!! Maafkan Iqbal (gumam Iqbal)
Mama : pak? Iqbal mana?
Papa : Iqbal ada.
Papa : (menoleh keluar lihat iqbal). Iqbal..?? panaggil papa.
Iqbal : maafin iqbal mama. (sambil mencium tangannya)
Mama : tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkan sayang…!!!
Iqbal : Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren.
Mama : apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh
Iqbal : tapi iqbal takut ma? Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji.
Mama : bilang aja kalau belum bisa.
Iqbal : tapi iqbal malu.
Mama : kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?
NIM : 05320121
Class : B
Subject : Discourse analysis
Implicature used by Iqbal and His Parents in Film “Syahadat Cinta”
1.1 Background of the Study
Where there is man, there is language, so does the man. Both of them cannot be separated each other. Language appears, exists, and develops due to man. Also men can live and interact among the people because of language. Both of language and man unite in their daily life; it is the correlation between language and man. Further more, the language can, also, distinguish man from other creation Lim in this world Kiat Boey (1975: 3)
The use of language is not for communication only, but also it is used for other purposes. Some people, moreover, use language to achieve and reach an intention. Public speakers or scientists use language to share their knowledge, thought, and experiences, politicians use language to influence other’s opinion to create an agreement or support to what they say and act or perhaps to control their power. A presidential candidate, for instance, uses language in his or her speeches to persuade and convince people that he or she is qualified to be the next president and what he or she asserts about some issues is true based on his or her arguments. As well as actors and actress use the proper language to entertain their audiences. Thus, language is a means to reach some purposes Chaika (1982: 45).
Always, we find out in our daily activities that some people are using certain utterances, they, actually, will not say the natural meaning of that utterance. It means that people have other propose that is beyond of the exact meaning. According to Grice, this term is called as implicature.
Grice (1975) introduced implicature to account for what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as distinction from what the speaker literally says. The language used is often contextual and interpretable. On the other hand, it has implied and intended meaning. As a brief account of how the term implicature is used in discourse analysis. In Grice's proposal, the implicatures are pragmatic aspects of meaning and have certain identifiable characteristics. Implicatures are partially derived from the conventional or literal meaning of an utterance, produced in specific context, which is shared by the speaker and hearer.
The theory of implicature, which is proposed by Herbert Paul Grice, is the one particularly used to analyze the words or utterances. Grice divided implicature into conventional and conversational implicature, and further he distinguished conversational implicature into generalized and particularized implicature.
In addition, Grice proposed that participants in a communicative exchange are guided by a principle that determines the way in which language is used with maximum efficiency and effect to achieve rational communication. He called it the Cooperative Principle, which consists of four maxims (Grundy, 2000: 74). First, maxims of quantity, in which you should make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). Second, maxims of quality, in which you are not allowed to say what you believe to be false and also you are not allowed to say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Third, maxim of relation, everything you say must be relevant. Forth, maxim of manner, when you are speaking you have to avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity), be orderly.
A study of discourse analysis about implicature is extremely interesting to learn, where language (spoken or written) and context are inseparable. In spoken language, such as in the film, the actors or actress often use simple language in their conversation but it has large meaning, also they say something that is beyond on the literal meaning. They use it for they are only going to entertain the audiences and to make sufficient conversation.
This study is going to analyze the "Syahadat Cinta" film since it tells about someone who got remorse and how to fall in love in modern Islamic perspective. Finally, he became the good man and could invite non Muslim woman to be Muslim woman. This case, actually, is because of the sake of love. In spite of this phenomenon, the researcher prefers analyzing this film due to some reasons. 1) This story refers to the life of the researcher himself. 2) The researcher is going to learn how to fall in love in modern Islamic perspective. 3) The researcher considers that the actors and actress always use implicature during their conversation so that it will make easy to the researcher to discuss it.
However, the researcher will not investigate the whole film. He will just analyze the conversation that has happened to Iqbal and his relatives. It is because the researcher has aim to know how the conversations conduct and occur among the families. Therefore, the researcher will investigate the first scene of that film since Iqbal's conversation and his parents only occurred on the first scene.
1.2 Research Questions
Based on the background of study, this research focuses on the following questions
1. what types of implicatures used by Iqbal and his parents?
2. how implicatures are used by them?
1.3 Research Method
A research design is a general plan that helps the researcher to conduct the study in reference to the objectives, the method of data gathering and analysis and the strategy to present the findings and conclusion. Since language has been observable, most of linguistic studies are conducted by using qualitative design. It is just because language studies are categorized as social science and most of social science prefers to choose qualitative as a methodology, a general approach used to explore the problems. As a matter of fact, this research also includes to descriptive study because it produces descriptive knowledge of investigating and analyzing thoroughly certain phenomena of language. The research design of this study is, eventually, descriptive qualitative because it intends to analyze the implicature used by Iqbal and his parents.
The proper instrument to get the data of this research is the researcher himself because this research uses qualitative research. The researcher has watched on film "Syahadat Cinta" many times. Then, he selected the data which refer to research questions. After selecting the data, the researcher transcribed them, in order the researcher can feel easy to analyze it.
1.4 Data Analysis
Data 1
Iqbal : (masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk)
Mama : astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)
Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?
From the conversation above, we can interpret that there are implicatuires which is done by Iqbal and his mama. The utterance of "Iqbal masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk". Iqbal has hobby to drink alcohol so he always comes back to his house in unconscious condition. Because of this case it is easy to the mama to suspect the Iqbal's condition. From that phenomenon, we can name this utterance as generalized conversational implicature since it has been clear to the mama that Iqbal has been drinking alcohol, though, the Iqbal does not say anything. It means that this utterance does not depend on the specific context to understand the message that is implied by Iqbal.
The utterance "astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)" indicated that Mama regretted about Iqbal's condition. She asked help to God in order Iqbal can stop his hobby drinking alcohol and change his habit into good habit. So that, this utterances can be categorized as generalized conversational implicature for Iqbal really understands what mama wanted without knowing the context .i.e Iqbal must stop his bad habit. Also this conversation does not follow the cooperative principle since it flouts the maxims of quantity. The mama does not give contribution as informative as is required by Iqbal. The mama did not stop his utterance by producing "astaqfirullah hal adzim" but she asked something else related to Iqbal's condition. Further more this utterance used a figurative language .i.e. irony because mama did not blame Iqbal directly, asked him to stop his habit. But she asked for help to God and she believed that by using the irony the advice that she wanted to give to his son is more effective.
"Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu". Those utterances used yes no and w question. Mama, actually, will not ask something that needs the answer. For instance the first question, "Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Without asking something to Iqbal, mama has already known that Iqbal has just been drinking alcohol, so this utterance can be considered a flout some of maxims because mama used rhetorical question which does not need the answer. Mama's question, actually, has implied meaning .i.e. mama has felt bored and disgusting to iqbal's hobby. It is the same as the following question .i.e " Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini saying….?" Again mama flouts some of maxims for mama uttered rhetorical question and irony by using sayang. Also this utterance has implied meaning. Mama's proposes, actually, wants to advise Iqbal to stop drinking alcohol and being good man. Mama considered using rhetorical question and figurative language .i.e. irony. The advice given by mama is more effective. The last utterance " Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?" those utterances also flout the maxim since mama used rhetorical question which does not need the answer. This utterance, actually, wants to advise Iqbal to stop drinking and being good man. The word "kehidupanmu" refers to bad life and Iqbal enjoyed to that life. On the other hand, mama disliked it very much because mama believed that this life is bad and it will make Iqbal's future not to be bright. From these explanations, we can interpret that three questions of these utterances are categorized as generalized conversational implicatures because Iqbal has understood that his mama gave the advice without depending on the specific context. In short, these three utterances flout the maxims of quantity because mama did not give information as required by Iqbal.
Data II
Ayah : mau kemana lagi kamu? Pasti kamu mau bermabuk lagi?
Iqbal : sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?
From the dialogue above, we can see there are implicatures used by Iqbal and his father. The first utterance of Iqbal' s father "mau kemana lagi? Pasti kamu bermabuk lagi?" , can be called as generalized conversational implicature since it has been clear for the Iqbal that his father does not allow him to go somewhere, especially to drink alcohol. And also Iqbal does not need to the specific context to understand the messages produced by his father.
This utterance flouts the maxim .i.e. quality. Actually, the father has known that Iqbal is going to go somewhere for drinking alcohol. So this utterance is called as rhetorical question for this question does not need the answer. Also this utterance used the lagi, it indicated that Iqbal has hobbies to drink alcohol and go somewhere. So that, it is categorized as conventional implicature because there is lexical item or expression “lagi” that helps the audiences that Iqbal always drinks and goes anywhere. The father actually feels pity to Iqbal and he wants Iqbal to stop drinking and going somewhere. In short, the aims of this rhetorical question, actually, is want to advice Iqbal in order he can finish his habit.
The second utterance, "sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?" it can be categorized as generalized conversational implicature because the father has already realized that he seldom cares to the Iqbal's life without waiting the specific context to understand it.
Iqbal does not follow the cooperative principle; it means that he flouts the maxim. i.e. quantity because Iqbal does not give as informative is required by his father. His father asked to Iqbal where he is going to, but, in this case Iqbal did not answer it, the contradictory Iqbal asked something also to his father. So this utterance is called by rhetorical question.
Data III
Iqbal : mama di mana Pak Adi? (Sambil menangis)
P.Adi : di ruang ICU
P.Adi : den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan
Iqbal : Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak bisa
P.Adi : astaqfirullah haladzim…!!
Iqbal : ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu.
From the dialogue above, we can see that there are some implicatures which is done by Iqbal and P.Adi. Before discussing this utterance, I would like to inform you that P.Adi is server of Iqbal's house. The first utterance " mama di mana Pak Adi?" shown that Iqbal is really curious where mama was taken care. This conversation can be categorized as particularized conversational implicature since to know where mama is lying is need the specific context. And Iqbal was loking for his mama's room while crying, containing implied meaning that Iqbal really regretted what he has done before, and because of him, mama got sick.
”di ruang ICU". It has implied meaning .i.e. mama got serious sick so that she was taken care in ICU room. It can be called as generalized conversational implicature for to understand the message Iqbal did not wait or depend on the specific context and it deals with the Grice's cooperative principle and its maxims. It is conveyed as enough as required as informative by Iqbal, also Pak. Adi told the truth, using unambiguous word, and relevant to the topic.
"den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan" contained implied meaning that Pak. Adi wanted to be angry with Iqbal. Due to Iqbal, mama was getting sick. But because he is server he tried to advise Iqbal saying be patient and asking to God, hopefully, mama gets better soon. This utterances can categorized as generalized conversational implicature because Iqbal did not need specific context to understand what Pak.Adi said. Also this utterances flout the maxim of quantity because Pak. Adi gave much information which was not required by Iqbal and used the figurative language .i.e irony.
"Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak biasa" it has implied meaning that Iqbal never prays and worships to God so that he refused what Pak. Adi advised, and he really believed that God has already known about the condition Iqbal at that time. It belongs to generalized conversational implicature because Pak. Adi did not depend on the specific context to understand the implied meaning produced by Iqbal. It did not follow the Grice's cooperative principle because it flouts the maxim .i.e. quantity. Pak. Adi just asked to Iqbal to pray and worship for mama in order she could get better soon. But in this case, he spoke too much that is not required by Pak. Adi.
"astaqfirullah haladzim…!!" contained implied meaning that Pak Adi felt pity to Iqbal and Pak Adi regretted and felt guilty because he asked something that Iqbal cannot do that. So Pak Adi leaved everything to God. It can be called as generalized conversational implicature because Iqbal has known that Pak.Adi has already understood about Iqbal's condition without seeing the specific context. However, this utterance flouts the maxims .i.e. quantity because Pak. adi did not give information as is required by Iqbal. Also this utterance can be categorized as irony for it used the figurative language to make implied meaning and it is more effective way to advice some one.
"ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu" it has implied meaning that Iqbal realized that he had made much mistakes during his life moreover to his God, then he forced himself to apologize to God. Iqbal, actually, really wanted to be good son who can dedicate his life to his parents and also to his God. This utterances deal with generalized conversational implicature for Pak Adi can catch the messages which are intended by Iqbal without depending on the specific context. However, these utterances flout the maxims .i.e. manner. Iqbal used the ambiguous utterance .i.e the word "mencengkarama" so these utterances can be categorized as hyperbola.
Data IV
Mama : pak? Iqbal mana?
Papa : Iqbal ada.
Papa : (menoleh keluar lihat Iqbal). Iqbal..?? panaggil mama.
Iqbal : maafin iqbal mama. (sambil mencium tangannya)
Mama : tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkanmu sayang…!!!
Iqbal : Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren.
Mama : apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh
Iqbal : tapi iqbal takut ma? Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji.
Mama : bilang aja kalau belum bisa.
Iqbal : tapi iqbal malu.
Mama : kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?
The first utterance produced by mama “pak? Iqbal mana?” contained implied meaning that mama has really understood to the Iqbal’s condition. And mama is very sure that Iqbal must feel sad. Because of him, mama was unconscious and was getting sick. Also mama asked to the father in order he would not be angry with Iqbal. This utterance can be called as generalized implicature because papa really understood that mama wanted to see and say something to Iqbal without knowing the specific context.
“Iqbal ada Iqbal..?? panaggil mama.” indicated that Iqbal is oke. It means that he is fine and since mama has lied in the hospital Iqbal never went somewhere; he always comes long with mama. This conversation follows the cooperative principle .i.e . four maxims because papa give information as required by mama (quantity), papa told the truth that Iqbal is really there (quality), and papa did not use the words that the hearer did not understand, meaning that papa did not use the ambiguous words (manner), as well as papa gave the answer to mama that related to the topic (relation). In addition, this conversation can be categorized as generalized implicature for in understanding the messages the participants did not depend on the specific context.
“maafin iqbal mama” the implied meaning of this utterance is Iqbal does not only apologize to his mama, but also he tries to persuade mama, in order she can receive to Iqbal’s apology. I think Iqbal is cleaver and smart because he knows the way how to apologize to his mama and the weaknesses of her. He implemented by crying and kissing her hand. Because mama has understood very well what Iqbal intended by ignoring the special context, this utterance can be named as generalized implicature. Further more, this utterance does not follow the four maxims, meaning that it flouts the one of them for from that conversation occurred before, mama just asked the Iqbal’s condition whether he is fine or not, but suddenly, Iqbal requested to mama in order he can forgive him it mean that he flouts the maxim .i.e (quantity).
“tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkanmu sayang…!!!” not only Iqbal knew the way how to apologize to his mama, but also her, she is really-really smart what she has to do to his son. Seeing Iqbal apologized while crying, mama is much happy, as if as she wanted to provide whatever Iqbal required. It can be classified as generalized conversation implicature since Iqbal considered that his mama will accept his apology without seeing the context. Again it flouts the one of the maxims i.e. quantity by using irony. The wanted answer, actually, expected by Iqbal is yes or no, but here, mama gave much information which is not required by Iqbal. However, its answer is more effective than just yes or no. also it will not offend to Iqbal. Mama has known much the characteristic of Iqbal.
“Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren”. Iqbal does not finish yet persuading his mama, he forces persuading his mama using its utterance. Because he knows there are not words can get mama happy except the word “pesantren” (private and classical schools for students who want to study about classical books and Islamic science) so he used it for apology to his mama. And Iqbal believe that by producing this word, mama will give something that Iqbal expected very much. It is called as generalized implicature for mama understands that she is persuaded by his son. Addition, its utterance does not follow the cooperative principle of three maxims .i.e quantity, quality, and relevance since Iqbal did not give information required by mama, actually, she did not propose to Iqbal to go to Pesantren (Islamic Boarding House), but spontaneously, he told to his mama that he had decided to go Pesantren so it flouts the maxim of quantity, and Iqbal did not tell truth because the following utterance that will be discussed later Iqbal used the word but, it means that Iqbal dislikes studying I pesantren (quality), as well as relavance, this utterance is not relevant to the topic that mama and Iqbal is being discussed.
“apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh” mama felt surprise because Iqbal, suddenly, agreed with what mama proposed. It is go on his study in pesantren, she is not, however, sure that Iqbal really wants to go on his study at pesantren. So that mama used its utterance for making Iqbal sure that no anything that can make mama happy except Iqbal wants to continue his study at pesantren. Besides that mama knows the characteristic of Iqbal very much so she pronounced the figurative language i.e irony is for getting angry with him for many times mama invited him to continue his study at pesantren but he used to make excuse.
Further more its utterance flouts the maxims .i.e. quantity, because it does not make contribution as informative as required by Iqbal. He, actually, needs the words yes, it is good idea is enough; quality for it does not say the truth. Mama tries to quote from other mother’s belief. It means that she is not sure what she say is true. However, its utterance can be classified as general implicature because Iqbal has already known what mama intended to him .i.e. mama is getting angry with him due to his doer.
tapi iqbal takut ma! Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji?, Here, Iqbal used the figurative language i.e. irony “tapi” (but), it means that Iqbal did not want to study at pesantren, he wants to complain to his mama in order she can allow him not go on his study at pesantren. Iqbal tried to force his mama by saying the weaknesses of him .i.e he cannot recite holly book (Al-qur’an). Iqbal is diplomatic person because he can show his weaknesses without feeling loosing face and order something to his mama without getting angry.
Its utterance can be classified as general implicature since mama can catch the point that Iqbal, actually, dislike staying at pesantren without seeking the specific context that can show what Iqbal intended. Again this utterance flouts the maxims .i.e quantity for Iqbal talked too much in that situation, meaning that he did not say something which is required by mama, quality since Iqbal told something that he himself did not believe if it was true.
“bilang aja kalau belum bisa”. Although, Iqbal cannot recite Al-qur’an, the teachers of pesantren will not be angry with you and they will teach you happily and nicely. And they will be happy because you can tell your condition truely. It is, actually, the implied meaning of mama’s utterance.
This utterance can be categorized as general implicature for Iqbal really understood what mama proposed without waiting for the special context. It meaning that Iqbal can get the implied meaning produced by mama. Also this utterance followed the cooperative principle .i.e four maxims. 1). Quantity, mama gave information which is required by Iqbal, 2). Quality, mama’s utterance is true that Iqbal cannot recite Al-qur’an, 3). Relevance, its utterance is very relevant with the topic .i.e about Iqbal will study at pesantren, 4). Manner, mama used the language which every one can get the points easily.
To make sure that Iqbal really did not want to study at pesantren he pronounced the utterance “tapi iqbal malu”. He did not give up to persuade his mama in order she can permit him to come along with his families and he can play with his friends. To emphasize his project he mentioned his name. These are the implied meaning of Iqbal’s utterance.
Its utterance can be called as general implicature for mama really understood what Iqbal intended without looking for the special context. It meaning that mama can catch the implied meaning produced by Iqbal. Also this utterance followed the cooperative principle .i.e four maxims. 1). Quantity, Iqbal did not say something which is not required by the hearer, 2). Quality, Iqbal told the truth that he would be shy due to his weakness, 3). Relevance, its utterance is very relevant with the topic .i.e about Iqbal that he cannot recite Al-qur’an, 4). Manner, Iqbal did not use the ambiguous words that can make hearer difficult to understand the messages.
“kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?”. Mama wanted his son to be a good man very much so she pressurized his son to stay at pesantren. She used question word .i.e w. for forcing him. This question is called as rhetorical question which does not the answer, it just for pressing Iqbal. It is the implied meaning of this utterance.
This utterance can be categorized as general implicature for Iqbal really understood that mama really pressurized him to study at pesantren without waiting for the special context. It means that Iqbal can get the implied meaning produced by mama. This utterance did follow the cooperative principle, meaning that it flout some of the maxims .i.e. quantity for it did not give information which is just intended by Iqbal, quality since mama told something that she herself did not believe in that it is fact.
Conversation
Iqbal : masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk
Mama : astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)
Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?
Ayah : mau kemana lagi kamu? Pasti kamu mau bermabuk lagi?
Iqbal : sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?
Iqbal : mama di mana Pak Adi? Sambil menangis
P.Adi : di ruang ICU
P.Adi : den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan
Iqbal : Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak bisa
P.Adi : astaqfirullah haladzim…!!
Iqbal : ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu.
Iqbal : mama…!! Maafkan Iqbal (gumam Iqbal)
Mama : pak? Iqbal mana?
Papa : Iqbal ada.
Papa : (menoleh keluar lihat iqbal). Iqbal..?? panaggil papa.
Iqbal : maafin iqbal mama. (sambil mencium tangannya)
Mama : tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkan sayang…!!!
Iqbal : Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren.
Mama : apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh
Iqbal : tapi iqbal takut ma? Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji.
Mama : bilang aja kalau belum bisa.
Iqbal : tapi iqbal malu.
Mama : kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?
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