skripsi genre

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This chapter elaborates on the background of the study, statements of the problems, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and clarification definition of the key terms.

I.I Background of the Study
Since a language still plays as very vital role in advancing civilization, as a means to exchange message, language enables human beings preserve and develop their civilization. By language, human beings can transfer their ideas, share their thought, and create civilization (Boey, 1975, p.1). So we are requested to use the good and right language in order we can avoid misunderstanding. Confisisius (as cited in Raharjo, 2002, p. IV) reminded us to use the good and right language in order we will not make problem and disturbance in society. Our God, moreover, says in holly Qur’an
قول معروف ومغفرة خير من صدقة يتبعها أذى والله غني حليم(Al Baqarah)

"kind words and the covering of faults are better than charity followed by injury. God is free of all wants and the most forbearing".

Hereby, God recommends us to speak well and forgive each others because those are better than giving reward but we offend somebody else by saying hurting words.
Beside we are requested to use good and right language, we are also ordered to apply better ways in producing the language in order we can control our thought, enable our focus and to think logically and systematically as well as avoid from forgetness (al-Uqshari: 2006). Thus, we will learn it in genre.
Most approaches to discourse explicitly or implicitly address the question of genre. Genre, as already noted, is one of the items in Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING grid for the analysis of speech events. Furthermore, he stated that if we want our speaking to run correctly and go smoothly we have to consider or follow the abbreviation of SPEAKING (Chaer & Agustina, 1995). Those consist of setting and scene, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, genre.
However, this research does not analyze the whole SPEAKING model of Dell Hymes, it just focuses on the genre because it investigates the interview of Hillary Clinton in which the most appropriate approaches to analyze the interview phenomenon is genre for genre itself deals with debate, interview, meeting, cross-examination, and so forth (Rogers :2007).
Genre is a part of discourse analysis. It deals with a use of language which conforms to certain schematic and textual convention, as agreed by particular discourse community (Widdowson 2007, p. 129). These mean that people will communicate among them following the rules or culture which is applied or believed by them. In addition, genre can be attached in meeting, interview, cross-examination, debate and so on. Furthermore, Finegan (2004) viewed genres or speech events are defined as ways of interacting or description of the organizational properties of interactions (turn taking and pausing, adjacency pairs, opening sequences, closing sequences, conversational routines and politeness).
According to Davies and Elder (2004) genre is the set of purpose-determined conventions in accordance with which the discourse proceeds on a particular occasion. These include the staged patterning of the discourse, typical topics, and features of register. It means that if we are speaking we have to pay attention on the topic, where, who, and to whom. In addition, the components of speech that were declared by Fhisman in Chaer (1995) are who speaks, what language, to whom, when, and what end.
Therefore, talking about genre, it cannot be separated from social structure because genre systems can play an intermediate role between institutional structural properties and individual communicative action (Miller, 199&Swales, 1993 as cited in Berkenkotter, 1994). In addition, Günthner & Knobauch (1995: as cited in Berkenkotter 1994) stated
“Communicative genres are not to be separated from the social structural features. They are links between subjective stocks of knowledge and the social structures of a community. Genres fulfill important functions with respect to coping with, transmission and traditionalization of intersubjective experience of the life-world. On the one hand they facilitate the transmission of knowledge by guiding the interactants’ expectations about what is to be said. On the other hand they are the sediments of socially relevant communicative processes, as only those processes may be expected to be fixed into genres which are of some relevance to the social actors.

Gleason and Ratner (1993), on the other hand, state that genre will occur when people are interacting among them; mostly they will transfer their thought, ideas, and purposes using three ways. Those are narrative, expository and humor. This research is going to take one example of conversation that occurred in RCTI TV of Indonesia among Monica and Clinton. Clinton says “there is so much excitement in the air here. You can just feel all the activity, and the culture, and the artists and a very good sense of what the future holds”. Her utterance can be interpreted that narrative is used in answering Monica’s question because she narrated something that has already happened.
As explained above, this research investigates the genre of Hillary Clinton’s interview when she visited Indonesia on 19 February 2009 after being pronounced as Foreign Ministry on 22 of January 2009. It analyzes how Hillary Clinton interact with other countries and this research believes that Hillary Clinton used a language not only for communication or answering the interviewer’s questions but also for other purposes. She brought various aims that she was going to achieve and reach from this country soon. Therefore, study of discourse especially about genre is needed because we will know how the speakers or interviewees especially Hillary Clinton use genre for reaching her aims or purposes. Furthermore the purpose of Hillary Clinton is to conform to people's discourse community because not all of the countries in this world use English; still many others use their own language. So the researcher is very sure that Hillary Clinton used certain or special languages or ways in her communication that she seldom applies in her daily life in order the listeners will feel easy in getting or understanding the messages and also for avoiding the misunderstanding.
However, there are some relevant researches on genre analysis. Caron Berkenkotter (1994) examines speech genres in the context of institutional settings. She shows that studies of setting have importance for understanding the ways in which students’ use of speech genres is intertwined with social practices, tool-use, and institutional objectives. Cristina Messineo (2008) researches on a collaborative approach that relates the description of linguistic structures to the study of discourse as verbal art greatly enriches the documentation of endangered languages. She finds two aspects of indigenous language research—fieldwork, and the documentation of genres in languages with an oral tradition—are generally not specified in conjunction with academic work, but are essential to language documentation. Siti Nurcahyati (2008) studies on the process and genre approach in writing subject. The result of her study is the students can improve their writing skill due to the process and genre approach.
Due to the fact that the previous studies only concerned with genre used by students or genre in educational perspective, this research analyzes the genre used by one of the government, or it analyzes the genre in discourse perspective. Therefore, this research analyzes "Genre Analysis Used in Hillary Clinton’s Interview.
1.2. Statement of the Problems
This research focuses, in general, on how Hillary Clinton uses genre on her interview. This question, then, can be specified into two questions as follows:
1. What types of genres are used in Hillary Clinton's Interview?
2. What are the organizations of conversation applied in Hillary Clinton’s Interview?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This research aims to describe briefly about genre produced by Hillary Clinton in her interview. It answers the questions on:
1. The types of genre used by Hillary Clinton in her interview.
2. The organizations of conversation are used by Hillary Clinton in her interview.
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This research focuses on discourse analysis especially in genre analysis that happens in Hillary Clinton's interview. However, the analysis is limited on the interview of Hillary Clinton when she visited Indonesia on 19 February 2009 as broadcasted by RCTI TV station.
To investigate this research, the theories to be used are those proposed by Jean Berko Gleason and Nan Berstein Ratner (1993), and Finegan (2004), for the researcher believes that only their theories are relevant to answer the statement of the problems above. The researcher will not analyze the style and register used by Hillary Clinton's interview.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of this research practically is expected to be additional references to lecturers who teach discourse analysis to enrich more understanding about genre. In addition, this research will be valuable source or reference for those who concern with discourse analysis especially for those who are studying genre.
Hopefully, this research will contribute to the next researchers who want to conduct the similar research with different object.

1.6. Definition of Key terms
Genre : is a part of discourse analysis which deals with ways of how people interact among them. It tends to be associated more with the organization of culture and social purposes around language also it is tied more closely to considerations of ideology and power. In this research, the genre analysis is the ways how Hillary Clinton interacts with interviewee.
Discourse analysis : is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken or signed language use.
Interview : one of the deeds of asking questions and answering them immediately.