implicature

Name : Moh. Jufri
NIM : 05320121
Class : B
Subject : Discourse analysis

Implicature used by Iqbal and His Parents in Film “Syahadat Cinta”

1.1 Background of the Study
Where there is man, there is language, so does the man. Both of them cannot be separated each other. Language appears, exists, and develops due to man. Also men can live and interact among the people because of language. Both of language and man unite in their daily life; it is the correlation between language and man. Further more, the language can, also, distinguish man from other creation Lim in this world Kiat Boey (1975: 3)
The use of language is not for communication only, but also it is used for other purposes. Some people, moreover, use language to achieve and reach an intention. Public speakers or scientists use language to share their knowledge, thought, and experiences, politicians use language to influence other’s opinion to create an agreement or support to what they say and act or perhaps to control their power. A presidential candidate, for instance, uses language in his or her speeches to persuade and convince people that he or she is qualified to be the next president and what he or she asserts about some issues is true based on his or her arguments. As well as actors and actress use the proper language to entertain their audiences. Thus, language is a means to reach some purposes Chaika (1982: 45).
Always, we find out in our daily activities that some people are using certain utterances, they, actually, will not say the natural meaning of that utterance. It means that people have other propose that is beyond of the exact meaning. According to Grice, this term is called as implicature.
Grice (1975) introduced implicature to account for what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as distinction from what the speaker literally says. The language used is often contextual and interpretable. On the other hand, it has implied and intended meaning. As a brief account of how the term implicature is used in discourse analysis. In Grice's proposal, the implicatures are pragmatic aspects of meaning and have certain identifiable characteristics. Implicatures are partially derived from the conventional or literal meaning of an utterance, produced in specific context, which is shared by the speaker and hearer.
The theory of implicature, which is proposed by Herbert Paul Grice, is the one particularly used to analyze the words or utterances. Grice divided implicature into conventional and conversational implicature, and further he distinguished conversational implicature into generalized and particularized implicature.
In addition, Grice proposed that participants in a communicative exchange are guided by a principle that determines the way in which language is used with maximum efficiency and effect to achieve rational communication. He called it the Cooperative Principle, which consists of four maxims (Grundy, 2000: 74). First, maxims of quantity, in which you should make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). Second, maxims of quality, in which you are not allowed to say what you believe to be false and also you are not allowed to say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Third, maxim of relation, everything you say must be relevant. Forth, maxim of manner, when you are speaking you have to avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity), be orderly.
A study of discourse analysis about implicature is extremely interesting to learn, where language (spoken or written) and context are inseparable. In spoken language, such as in the film, the actors or actress often use simple language in their conversation but it has large meaning, also they say something that is beyond on the literal meaning. They use it for they are only going to entertain the audiences and to make sufficient conversation.
This study is going to analyze the "Syahadat Cinta" film since it tells about someone who got remorse and how to fall in love in modern Islamic perspective. Finally, he became the good man and could invite non Muslim woman to be Muslim woman. This case, actually, is because of the sake of love. In spite of this phenomenon, the researcher prefers analyzing this film due to some reasons. 1) This story refers to the life of the researcher himself. 2) The researcher is going to learn how to fall in love in modern Islamic perspective. 3) The researcher considers that the actors and actress always use implicature during their conversation so that it will make easy to the researcher to discuss it.
However, the researcher will not investigate the whole film. He will just analyze the conversation that has happened to Iqbal and his relatives. It is because the researcher has aim to know how the conversations conduct and occur among the families. Therefore, the researcher will investigate the first scene of that film since Iqbal's conversation and his parents only occurred on the first scene.


1.2 Research Questions
Based on the background of study, this research focuses on the following questions
1. what types of implicatures used by Iqbal and his parents?
2. how implicatures are used by them?

1.3 Research Method
A research design is a general plan that helps the researcher to conduct the study in reference to the objectives, the method of data gathering and analysis and the strategy to present the findings and conclusion. Since language has been observable, most of linguistic studies are conducted by using qualitative design. It is just because language studies are categorized as social science and most of social science prefers to choose qualitative as a methodology, a general approach used to explore the problems. As a matter of fact, this research also includes to descriptive study because it produces descriptive knowledge of investigating and analyzing thoroughly certain phenomena of language. The research design of this study is, eventually, descriptive qualitative because it intends to analyze the implicature used by Iqbal and his parents.
The proper instrument to get the data of this research is the researcher himself because this research uses qualitative research. The researcher has watched on film "Syahadat Cinta" many times. Then, he selected the data which refer to research questions. After selecting the data, the researcher transcribed them, in order the researcher can feel easy to analyze it.













1.4 Data Analysis
Data 1
Iqbal : (masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk)
Mama : astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)
Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?

From the conversation above, we can interpret that there are implicatuires which is done by Iqbal and his mama. The utterance of "Iqbal masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk". Iqbal has hobby to drink alcohol so he always comes back to his house in unconscious condition. Because of this case it is easy to the mama to suspect the Iqbal's condition. From that phenomenon, we can name this utterance as generalized conversational implicature since it has been clear to the mama that Iqbal has been drinking alcohol, though, the Iqbal does not say anything. It means that this utterance does not depend on the specific context to understand the message that is implied by Iqbal.
The utterance "astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)" indicated that Mama regretted about Iqbal's condition. She asked help to God in order Iqbal can stop his hobby drinking alcohol and change his habit into good habit. So that, this utterances can be categorized as generalized conversational implicature for Iqbal really understands what mama wanted without knowing the context .i.e Iqbal must stop his bad habit. Also this conversation does not follow the cooperative principle since it flouts the maxims of quantity. The mama does not give contribution as informative as is required by Iqbal. The mama did not stop his utterance by producing "astaqfirullah hal adzim" but she asked something else related to Iqbal's condition. Further more this utterance used a figurative language .i.e. irony because mama did not blame Iqbal directly, asked him to stop his habit. But she asked for help to God and she believed that by using the irony the advice that she wanted to give to his son is more effective.
"Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu". Those utterances used yes no and w question. Mama, actually, will not ask something that needs the answer. For instance the first question, "Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Without asking something to Iqbal, mama has already known that Iqbal has just been drinking alcohol, so this utterance can be considered a flout some of maxims because mama used rhetorical question which does not need the answer. Mama's question, actually, has implied meaning .i.e. mama has felt bored and disgusting to iqbal's hobby. It is the same as the following question .i.e " Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini saying….?" Again mama flouts some of maxims for mama uttered rhetorical question and irony by using sayang. Also this utterance has implied meaning. Mama's proposes, actually, wants to advise Iqbal to stop drinking alcohol and being good man. Mama considered using rhetorical question and figurative language .i.e. irony. The advice given by mama is more effective. The last utterance " Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?" those utterances also flout the maxim since mama used rhetorical question which does not need the answer. This utterance, actually, wants to advise Iqbal to stop drinking and being good man. The word "kehidupanmu" refers to bad life and Iqbal enjoyed to that life. On the other hand, mama disliked it very much because mama believed that this life is bad and it will make Iqbal's future not to be bright. From these explanations, we can interpret that three questions of these utterances are categorized as generalized conversational implicatures because Iqbal has understood that his mama gave the advice without depending on the specific context. In short, these three utterances flout the maxims of quantity because mama did not give information as required by Iqbal.

Data II
Ayah : mau kemana lagi kamu? Pasti kamu mau bermabuk lagi?
Iqbal : sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?

From the dialogue above, we can see there are implicatures used by Iqbal and his father. The first utterance of Iqbal' s father "mau kemana lagi? Pasti kamu bermabuk lagi?" , can be called as generalized conversational implicature since it has been clear for the Iqbal that his father does not allow him to go somewhere, especially to drink alcohol. And also Iqbal does not need to the specific context to understand the messages produced by his father.
This utterance flouts the maxim .i.e. quality. Actually, the father has known that Iqbal is going to go somewhere for drinking alcohol. So this utterance is called as rhetorical question for this question does not need the answer. Also this utterance used the lagi, it indicated that Iqbal has hobbies to drink alcohol and go somewhere. So that, it is categorized as conventional implicature because there is lexical item or expression “lagi” that helps the audiences that Iqbal always drinks and goes anywhere. The father actually feels pity to Iqbal and he wants Iqbal to stop drinking and going somewhere. In short, the aims of this rhetorical question, actually, is want to advice Iqbal in order he can finish his habit.
The second utterance, "sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?" it can be categorized as generalized conversational implicature because the father has already realized that he seldom cares to the Iqbal's life without waiting the specific context to understand it.
Iqbal does not follow the cooperative principle; it means that he flouts the maxim. i.e. quantity because Iqbal does not give as informative is required by his father. His father asked to Iqbal where he is going to, but, in this case Iqbal did not answer it, the contradictory Iqbal asked something also to his father. So this utterance is called by rhetorical question.

Data III
Iqbal : mama di mana Pak Adi? (Sambil menangis)
P.Adi : di ruang ICU
P.Adi : den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan
Iqbal : Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak bisa
P.Adi : astaqfirullah haladzim…!!
Iqbal : ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu.

From the dialogue above, we can see that there are some implicatures which is done by Iqbal and P.Adi. Before discussing this utterance, I would like to inform you that P.Adi is server of Iqbal's house. The first utterance " mama di mana Pak Adi?" shown that Iqbal is really curious where mama was taken care. This conversation can be categorized as particularized conversational implicature since to know where mama is lying is need the specific context. And Iqbal was loking for his mama's room while crying, containing implied meaning that Iqbal really regretted what he has done before, and because of him, mama got sick.
”di ruang ICU". It has implied meaning .i.e. mama got serious sick so that she was taken care in ICU room. It can be called as generalized conversational implicature for to understand the message Iqbal did not wait or depend on the specific context and it deals with the Grice's cooperative principle and its maxims. It is conveyed as enough as required as informative by Iqbal, also Pak. Adi told the truth, using unambiguous word, and relevant to the topic.
"den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan" contained implied meaning that Pak. Adi wanted to be angry with Iqbal. Due to Iqbal, mama was getting sick. But because he is server he tried to advise Iqbal saying be patient and asking to God, hopefully, mama gets better soon. This utterances can categorized as generalized conversational implicature because Iqbal did not need specific context to understand what Pak.Adi said. Also this utterances flout the maxim of quantity because Pak. Adi gave much information which was not required by Iqbal and used the figurative language .i.e irony.
"Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak biasa" it has implied meaning that Iqbal never prays and worships to God so that he refused what Pak. Adi advised, and he really believed that God has already known about the condition Iqbal at that time. It belongs to generalized conversational implicature because Pak. Adi did not depend on the specific context to understand the implied meaning produced by Iqbal. It did not follow the Grice's cooperative principle because it flouts the maxim .i.e. quantity. Pak. Adi just asked to Iqbal to pray and worship for mama in order she could get better soon. But in this case, he spoke too much that is not required by Pak. Adi.
"astaqfirullah haladzim…!!" contained implied meaning that Pak Adi felt pity to Iqbal and Pak Adi regretted and felt guilty because he asked something that Iqbal cannot do that. So Pak Adi leaved everything to God. It can be called as generalized conversational implicature because Iqbal has known that Pak.Adi has already understood about Iqbal's condition without seeing the specific context. However, this utterance flouts the maxims .i.e. quantity because Pak. adi did not give information as is required by Iqbal. Also this utterance can be categorized as irony for it used the figurative language to make implied meaning and it is more effective way to advice some one.
"ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu" it has implied meaning that Iqbal realized that he had made much mistakes during his life moreover to his God, then he forced himself to apologize to God. Iqbal, actually, really wanted to be good son who can dedicate his life to his parents and also to his God. This utterances deal with generalized conversational implicature for Pak Adi can catch the messages which are intended by Iqbal without depending on the specific context. However, these utterances flout the maxims .i.e. manner. Iqbal used the ambiguous utterance .i.e the word "mencengkarama" so these utterances can be categorized as hyperbola.

Data IV
Mama : pak? Iqbal mana?
Papa : Iqbal ada.
Papa : (menoleh keluar lihat Iqbal). Iqbal..?? panaggil mama.
Iqbal : maafin iqbal mama. (sambil mencium tangannya)
Mama : tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkanmu sayang…!!!
Iqbal : Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren.
Mama : apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh
Iqbal : tapi iqbal takut ma? Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji.
Mama : bilang aja kalau belum bisa.
Iqbal : tapi iqbal malu.
Mama : kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?

The first utterance produced by mama “pak? Iqbal mana?” contained implied meaning that mama has really understood to the Iqbal’s condition. And mama is very sure that Iqbal must feel sad. Because of him, mama was unconscious and was getting sick. Also mama asked to the father in order he would not be angry with Iqbal. This utterance can be called as generalized implicature because papa really understood that mama wanted to see and say something to Iqbal without knowing the specific context.
“Iqbal ada Iqbal..?? panaggil mama.” indicated that Iqbal is oke. It means that he is fine and since mama has lied in the hospital Iqbal never went somewhere; he always comes long with mama. This conversation follows the cooperative principle .i.e . four maxims because papa give information as required by mama (quantity), papa told the truth that Iqbal is really there (quality), and papa did not use the words that the hearer did not understand, meaning that papa did not use the ambiguous words (manner), as well as papa gave the answer to mama that related to the topic (relation). In addition, this conversation can be categorized as generalized implicature for in understanding the messages the participants did not depend on the specific context.
“maafin iqbal mama” the implied meaning of this utterance is Iqbal does not only apologize to his mama, but also he tries to persuade mama, in order she can receive to Iqbal’s apology. I think Iqbal is cleaver and smart because he knows the way how to apologize to his mama and the weaknesses of her. He implemented by crying and kissing her hand. Because mama has understood very well what Iqbal intended by ignoring the special context, this utterance can be named as generalized implicature. Further more, this utterance does not follow the four maxims, meaning that it flouts the one of them for from that conversation occurred before, mama just asked the Iqbal’s condition whether he is fine or not, but suddenly, Iqbal requested to mama in order he can forgive him it mean that he flouts the maxim .i.e (quantity).
“tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkanmu sayang…!!!” not only Iqbal knew the way how to apologize to his mama, but also her, she is really-really smart what she has to do to his son. Seeing Iqbal apologized while crying, mama is much happy, as if as she wanted to provide whatever Iqbal required. It can be classified as generalized conversation implicature since Iqbal considered that his mama will accept his apology without seeing the context. Again it flouts the one of the maxims i.e. quantity by using irony. The wanted answer, actually, expected by Iqbal is yes or no, but here, mama gave much information which is not required by Iqbal. However, its answer is more effective than just yes or no. also it will not offend to Iqbal. Mama has known much the characteristic of Iqbal.
“Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren”. Iqbal does not finish yet persuading his mama, he forces persuading his mama using its utterance. Because he knows there are not words can get mama happy except the word “pesantren” (private and classical schools for students who want to study about classical books and Islamic science) so he used it for apology to his mama. And Iqbal believe that by producing this word, mama will give something that Iqbal expected very much. It is called as generalized implicature for mama understands that she is persuaded by his son. Addition, its utterance does not follow the cooperative principle of three maxims .i.e quantity, quality, and relevance since Iqbal did not give information required by mama, actually, she did not propose to Iqbal to go to Pesantren (Islamic Boarding House), but spontaneously, he told to his mama that he had decided to go Pesantren so it flouts the maxim of quantity, and Iqbal did not tell truth because the following utterance that will be discussed later Iqbal used the word but, it means that Iqbal dislikes studying I pesantren (quality), as well as relavance, this utterance is not relevant to the topic that mama and Iqbal is being discussed.
“apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh” mama felt surprise because Iqbal, suddenly, agreed with what mama proposed. It is go on his study in pesantren, she is not, however, sure that Iqbal really wants to go on his study at pesantren. So that mama used its utterance for making Iqbal sure that no anything that can make mama happy except Iqbal wants to continue his study at pesantren. Besides that mama knows the characteristic of Iqbal very much so she pronounced the figurative language i.e irony is for getting angry with him for many times mama invited him to continue his study at pesantren but he used to make excuse.
Further more its utterance flouts the maxims .i.e. quantity, because it does not make contribution as informative as required by Iqbal. He, actually, needs the words yes, it is good idea is enough; quality for it does not say the truth. Mama tries to quote from other mother’s belief. It means that she is not sure what she say is true. However, its utterance can be classified as general implicature because Iqbal has already known what mama intended to him .i.e. mama is getting angry with him due to his doer.
tapi iqbal takut ma! Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji?, Here, Iqbal used the figurative language i.e. irony “tapi” (but), it means that Iqbal did not want to study at pesantren, he wants to complain to his mama in order she can allow him not go on his study at pesantren. Iqbal tried to force his mama by saying the weaknesses of him .i.e he cannot recite holly book (Al-qur’an). Iqbal is diplomatic person because he can show his weaknesses without feeling loosing face and order something to his mama without getting angry.
Its utterance can be classified as general implicature since mama can catch the point that Iqbal, actually, dislike staying at pesantren without seeking the specific context that can show what Iqbal intended. Again this utterance flouts the maxims .i.e quantity for Iqbal talked too much in that situation, meaning that he did not say something which is required by mama, quality since Iqbal told something that he himself did not believe if it was true.
“bilang aja kalau belum bisa”. Although, Iqbal cannot recite Al-qur’an, the teachers of pesantren will not be angry with you and they will teach you happily and nicely. And they will be happy because you can tell your condition truely. It is, actually, the implied meaning of mama’s utterance.
This utterance can be categorized as general implicature for Iqbal really understood what mama proposed without waiting for the special context. It meaning that Iqbal can get the implied meaning produced by mama. Also this utterance followed the cooperative principle .i.e four maxims. 1). Quantity, mama gave information which is required by Iqbal, 2). Quality, mama’s utterance is true that Iqbal cannot recite Al-qur’an, 3). Relevance, its utterance is very relevant with the topic .i.e about Iqbal will study at pesantren, 4). Manner, mama used the language which every one can get the points easily.
To make sure that Iqbal really did not want to study at pesantren he pronounced the utterance “tapi iqbal malu”. He did not give up to persuade his mama in order she can permit him to come along with his families and he can play with his friends. To emphasize his project he mentioned his name. These are the implied meaning of Iqbal’s utterance.
Its utterance can be called as general implicature for mama really understood what Iqbal intended without looking for the special context. It meaning that mama can catch the implied meaning produced by Iqbal. Also this utterance followed the cooperative principle .i.e four maxims. 1). Quantity, Iqbal did not say something which is not required by the hearer, 2). Quality, Iqbal told the truth that he would be shy due to his weakness, 3). Relevance, its utterance is very relevant with the topic .i.e about Iqbal that he cannot recite Al-qur’an, 4). Manner, Iqbal did not use the ambiguous words that can make hearer difficult to understand the messages.
“kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?”. Mama wanted his son to be a good man very much so she pressurized his son to stay at pesantren. She used question word .i.e w. for forcing him. This question is called as rhetorical question which does not the answer, it just for pressing Iqbal. It is the implied meaning of this utterance.
This utterance can be categorized as general implicature for Iqbal really understood that mama really pressurized him to study at pesantren without waiting for the special context. It means that Iqbal can get the implied meaning produced by mama. This utterance did follow the cooperative principle, meaning that it flout some of the maxims .i.e. quantity for it did not give information which is just intended by Iqbal, quality since mama told something that she herself did not believe in that it is fact.

Conversation
Iqbal : masuk rumah dengan keadaan mabuk
Mama : astaqfirullah hal adzim (terkejut, kewatir, dan iba)
Iqbal kamu mabuk lagi? Sampai kapan kamu sperti ini sayang….? Apa kamu tidak bosan dengan kehidupanmu?

Ayah : mau kemana lagi kamu? Pasti kamu mau bermabuk lagi?
Iqbal : sampai kapan ayah ikut campur urusan iqbal?

Iqbal : mama di mana Pak Adi? Sambil menangis
P.Adi : di ruang ICU
P.Adi : den Iqbal harus tabah, sebaiknya sekarang den Iqbal sholat dan semuga Ibu den Iqbal diberi kesembuhan
Iqbal : Allah lebih tahu mana mungkin aku melakukan itu semua, bahkan wudhu’pun aku tidak bisa
P.Adi : astaqfirullah haladzim…!!

Iqbal : ya Allah jiwa apa yang telah mencengkramku selama ini? sehingga aku sulit mengenalmu.

Iqbal : mama…!! Maafkan Iqbal (gumam Iqbal)
Mama : pak? Iqbal mana?
Papa : Iqbal ada.
Papa : (menoleh keluar lihat iqbal). Iqbal..?? panaggil papa.
Iqbal : maafin iqbal mama. (sambil mencium tangannya)
Mama : tanpa kamu minta maaf, mama sudah lebih memaafkan sayang…!!!
Iqbal : Iqbal dah memutuskan untuk menuntut ilmu kepasantren.
Mama : apa yang lebih menyenangkan hati seorang ibu kecuali melihat anaknya menjadi anak yang soleh
Iqbal : tapi iqbal takut ma? Gimana kalau iqbal suruh ngaji.
Mama : bilang aja kalau belum bisa.
Iqbal : tapi iqbal malu.
Mama : kenapa harus malu untuk sesuatu yang mana kamu belum bisa kerjakan?